Adhesive signature-based methods for the isolation of stem cells and cells derived therefrom

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides for methods of isolating a stem cell or cell derived therefrom from a mixture of cells, for example, a mixture of adherent cells in culture. Cell isolation is achieved by the application of selective detachment forces.

RELATED APPLICATION INFORMATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/128,547, filed Mar. 28, 2014 (allowed), which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371national phase application of International Application Serial No.PCT/US2012/043552, filed Jun. 21, 2012, which claims the benefit, under35 U.S.C. § 119(e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/499,323,filed Jun. 21, 2011, the entire contents of each of which areincorporated by reference herein.

STATEMENT OF FEDERAL SUPPORT

The invention was made with Government support under Contract NumbersGM659180 and CA144825, awarded by the National Institutes of Health, andContract Number DBI0649833, awarded by the National Science Foundation.The Government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods for the isolation of stem cellsand cells derived therefrom. In particular, the present inventionrelates to methods for the isolation of stem cells and cells derivedtherefrom based on the use of selective detachment force.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Generation of human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells fromfibroblasts and other somatic cells represents a highly promisingstrategy to produce auto- and allogenic cell sources for numeroustherapeutic approaches as well as novel models of human development anddisease²⁻⁴. The reprogramming breakthroughl^(1,3,5) involved retroviraltransduction of the four factors Oct3/4 (also known as Pou5fl), Sox2,Klf4, and c-Myc in fibroblasts, and since then advances in reprogrammingmethods have been developed⁶ using retro- and lenti-viruses^(1,2,7,8),transposons⁹, loxP-flanked lentivirus¹⁰, nonintegratingadenoviruses^(11,12) and plasmids¹³, proteins¹⁴ and RNA^(15,16) Thereprogrammed cells are typically cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast(MEF) or isogenic human fibroblast feeder layers, and subsequentlytransferred to feeder layers by mechanical dissociation of pluripotentcell-like colonies for propagation^(1,3,17) Residual parental orfeeder-layer cells introduce experimental variability, pathogeniccontamination, and potential immnunogenicity¹⁸. iPS cell cultures areoften heterogeneous because of the presence of undifferentiated stemcells, non- and partially-induced parental cells and spontaneouslydifferentiated derivatives¹⁹. The unavoidable problem of spontaneousdifferentiation arises from low cell splitting ratios^(20,21),sub-optimal feeder cultures²², growth factors²³, and feeder layer-freesubstrate quality²⁴. Even under the best of cell culture conditions,some degree of spontaneous differentiation is common and occurs alongseemingly random pathways²⁵⁻²⁹. Spontaneously differentiated (SD)-iPScells display reduced pluripotency and often contaminate iPS cellcultures, resulting in overgrowth of cultures and compromising thequality of residual pluripotent stem cells^(23,30,19). The problem ofcell contamination is also evident in directed differentiation protocolsto generate specific lineages³¹. For example, differentiation to neurallineages is a step-wise process and intermediate stages like neuralrosettes require manual hand-picking because they are contaminated withfibroblast-like cells and residual undifferentiated pluripotent stemcells^(32,33).

Current methods for propagation of high-quality iPS cell and embryonicstem (hES) cell cultures rely primarily on manualisolation^(26,27,34-37) alone or in combination with enzymaticdissociation methods. Similar to undifferentiated pluripotent colonies,multi-potent neural rosettes and neurospheres are typically handpickedbased on visual inspection and qualitative metrics and transferred forfurther differentiation into neural progenitors^(31,32,38). Such methodsare tedious, time-intensive, require skilled labor, and are heavilydependent on the ability to morphologically recognize undifferentiatedcells. Furthermore, the lack of quality controls affects thereproducibility and consistency of these cultures. Whereas many reagentshave been developed for bulk enzymatic passaging, such methods are notselective for iPS cells and therefore unwanted cells are oftentransferred^(35,36,39). Furthermore, many enzymatic methods can causekaryotypic abnormalities compared to manual or mechanicalpassaging³⁴⁻³⁷. Other technical disadvantages with enzymatic passaginginclude the need to re-aggregate the dissociated iPS cells asmulti-cellular colonies by re-plating on feeder-cells for improvedclonal survival²⁰. Although flow cytometry sorting^(21,23) based onantibody-labeled phenotypic markers can significantly enrich the purityof undifferentiated populations, this method requires single celldissociation of iPS cells, which induces contractility-mediatedprogrammed cell death^(40,41), and the plated cells fail to form tightlypacked colonies (FIG. 1D). Further, the use of antibody labels is lessdesirable for therapeutic applications.

Because current techniques for iPS cell purification remain a bottleneckin passaging procedures and suffer from a number of other drawbacks,there is a great need to develop improved technologies that can moreefficiently separate colonies of undifferentiated (UD)-iPS cells fromcontaminating parental cells, feeder cells, or differentiated cellswithout requiring tedious manual isolation, enzymatic dissociation ofiPS cells into single cells and/or labeling with antibodies or otherreagents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based, in part, on the inventors' demonstrationof a unique “adhesive signature” associated with stem cells (e.g.,undifferentiated stem cells) and cells derived therefrom that isdictated by their phenotypic state. The present invention utilizes thedifferences in the adhesion strength of stem cells, as well as stem cellderivatives, as compared with other cells to selectively isolate celltype(s) of interest using detachment forces. Advantageously, the methodsof the invention are amenable to high throughput analysis, real-timeimaging, in-line biochemical, genetic and/or cytometric processing.

Accordingly, as one aspect, the invention provides a method of isolatinga cell of interest from a mixture of animal cells (e.g., cultured animalcells), wherein the cell of interest is a stem cell or a cell derivedtherefrom, the method comprising: subjecting a mixture of animal cellsadhered to a substrate comprising the cell of interest and at least oneother cell type to a detachment force that is sufficient to selectivelydetach the cell of interest from the substrate relative to the at leastone other cell type in the mixture of animal cells, thereby isolatingthe cell of interest from the mixture of animal cells.

In embodiments, the method comprises isolating a stem cell from themixture of animal cells. Optionally, the stem cell is an embryonic stem(ES) cell or an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell. Optionally, thestem cell is an adult stem cell.

In embodiments wherein the cell of interest is a stem cell, the at leastone other cell type is a feeder cell, a parental somatic cell, apartially reprogrammed cell, a spontaneously differentiated stem celland/or a directly differentiated cell.

In embodiments, the cell of interest is a stem cell that grows inculture as part of a cluster.

In embodiments, the cell of interest is a stem cell that detaches fromthe substrate as part of a cluster of stem cells.

In embodiments, the isolated cell of interest is an isolated stem cellthat maintains expression of at least one pluripotency marker and/orretains the ability to produce two or more different cells types.

In embodiments, the cell of interest is a stem cell and the detachmentforce that is sufficient to selectively detach the stem cell provides awall shear stress in the range of 70 to 160 dynes/cm², optionally, inthe range of 80 to 125 dynes/cm².

In embodiments, the method comprises isolating a stem cell-derivedlineage committed cell from the mixture of animal cells, optionally, astem cell-derived neural committed cell such as a neural rosette cell.

When the cell of interest is a stem cell-derived lineage committed cell,in embodiments the at least one other cell type is a stem cell, a feedercell, a parental somatic cell, a partially reprogrammed cell, aspontaneously differentiated stem cell, a progenitor cell and/or aterminally differentiated cell.

In embodiments, the detachment force that is sufficient to selectivelydetach the stem cell-derived lineage committed cell provides a wallshear stress in the range of 40 to 160 dynes/cm².

In embodiments, the method comprises isolating a stem cell-derivedprogenitor cell from the mixture of animal cells; optionally, the stemcell-derived progenitor cell is a stem cell-derived neural progenitorcell or a hematopoietic progenitor cell.

In embodiments, the cell of interest is a stem cell-derived progenitorcell and the at least one other cell type is a stem cell, a feeder cell,a parental somatic cell, a partially reprogrammed cell, a spontaneouslydifferentiated stem cell, a lineage committed cell and/or a terminallydifferentiated cell.

In embodiments, the detachment force that is sufficient to selectivelydetach the stem cell-derived progenitor cell provides a wall shearstress in the range of 20-70 dynes/cm².

In embodiments, the cell of interest is a stem cell-derived terminallydifferentiated cell, optionally a cardiomyocyte.

In embodiments, the cell of interest is a stem cell-derived terminallydifferentiated cell and the at least one other cell type is a stem cell,a feeder cell, a parental somatic cell, a partially reprogrammed cell, aspontaneously differentiated stem cell, a lineage committed cell and/ora progenitor cell.

In embodiments, the detachment force that is sufficient to selectivelydetach the stem cell-derived progenitor cell provides a wall shearstress in the range of 20-70 dynes/cm².

In embodiments of the present invention, the cell of interest detachesat a lower detachment force as compared with the at least one other celltype.

In embodiments, the cell of interest detaches at a higher detachmentforce as compared with the at least one other cell type.

In embodiments, the isolated cell of interest is viable and/or maintainsthe ability to divide and produce progeny cells.

In embodiments, pluralities of cells of interest are isolated with atleast 90% purity.

In embodiments, at least 70% of the cells of interest in the mixture ofanimal cells are isolated.

In embodiments, the cell of interest constitutes 40% or less of thecells in the mixture of animal cells, optionally 10% or less of thecells in the mixture of animal cells.

In embodiments, the cell of interest constitutes at least 60% of thecells in the mixture of animal cells, optionally at least 90% of thecells in the mixture of animal cells.

In embodiments, the cells are mammalian cells, optionally human cells.

In embodiments, the method further comprises culturing the isolated celland/or evaluating the isolated cell by flow cytometry, biochemicalanalysis and/or gene expression analysis.

In embodiments, the method does not comprise attaching a detectablelabel and/or affinity reagent to the mixture of animal cells.

In embodiments, the detachment force is applied by hydrodynamic force,centrifugal force and/or magnetic force.

In embodiments, the method is carried out in a microfluidic device.

In embodiments, the mixture of animal cells is subjected to thedetachment force for 1 to 60 minutes, optionally for 2 to 20 minutes.

The foregoing and other aspects of the present invention will now bedescribed in more detail with respect to other embodiments describedherein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A. Schematic representing changes in adhesive signature of hiPSCsand differentiated cells.

FIG. 1B. Morphological changes in IMR90-fibroblasts, reprogrammedUD-hiPSCs, SD-hiPSCs, and neural rosettes (directed differentiation).Arrowheads indicate spontaneously differentiated cells and dashedcircles point out rosettes.

FIG. 1C. Expression of pluripotency markers SSEA4 and OCT4 in IMR90,UD-hiPSCs, and SDhiPSCs. Neural marker Nestin expressed by rosettes andneural committed cells, but absent in contaminating cells.

FIG. 1D. Morphology of FACS-sorted >97% TRA-1-60+hiPSCs seeded onMatrigel™-coated tissue culture surfaces. The single cell dissociationresults in loss of colonies and significant cell death.

FIG. 1E. Morphology of spread human dermal fibroblasts andepithelial-like fibroblast-derived hiPSCs.

FIG. 1F. Pluripotency markers TRA-1-60 and NANOG (upper panels) andTRA-1-81 (lower panel) expressed by reprogrammed IMR90-derived hiPSCs.

FIG. 1G. Expression markers and morphology of hiPSC-derived neuralrosettes.

FIG. 1H. Expression markers and morphology of hiPSC-derived neuralprogenitors and their differentiation to neural lineages (Tuj 1 andMAP2).

FIG. 2A. Flow cytometry measurement of integrins expressed on hiPSCs andIMR90 cells cultured on laminin, fibronectin, and Matrigel™ (*p<0.05hiPSC vs. IMR90, **p<0.05 laminin vs. fibronectin, ***p<0.05 laminin vs.Matrigel™).

FIG. 2B. Flow cytometry measurements of integrins expressed by hiPSCscultured on laminin, fibronectin, and Matrigel™. Histogram representsfluorescence intensity distribution of integrins and correspondingisotype controls. All % corresponding to cells expression 5-6% receptorsfor isotype antibody (background).

FIG. 2C. Flow cytometry measurements of integrins expressed by IMR90fibroblasts cultured on laminin, fibronectin, and Matrigel™. Histogramrepresents fluorescence intensity distribution of integrins andcorresponding isotype controls.

FIG. 2D. Blocking of integrin-mediated adhesion on laminin matricesusing integrin-specific blocking antibodies (*p<0.05 integrin vs.isotype).

FIG. 2E. Blocking of integrin-mediated adhesion on fibronectin matricesusing integrin-specific blocking antibodies (*p<0.05 integrin vs.isotype).

FIG. 3A. Detachment profile showing adherent cell cluster fraction vs.applied shear stress for hiPSCs and IMR90 cells at 16 hours.Experimental points were fit to sigmoid to obtain the shear stress for50% detachment τ₅₀.

FIG. 3B. Adhesion strength (τ₅₀) measurements for undifferentiatedhiPSCs (derived from IMR90), hESCs (H7 and H1), IMR90 and MEF cells onfibronectin and laminin substrates. Bar graph represents average±S.D.(#p<0.05 stem cells vs. IMR90s, $p<0.05 stem cells vs. MEFs).

FIG. 3C. Adhesion strength measurements for undifferentiated hESCs (H7and H1) compared to MEF on Matrigel™. Bar graph shows average±S.D.(*p<0.05 stem cells vs. MEF).

FIG. 3D. Adhesion strength measurements for undifferentiated hiPSCs(derived from dermal fibroblasts, 11b) and human dermal fibroblasts onlaminin substrates. Bar graph represents average±S.D. (*p<0.05 stemcells vs. fibroblasts).

FIG. 3E. Immunostaining showing recruitment of vinculin and talin tofocal adhesions in IMR90 cells and UD-hiPSCs on laminin substrates.

FIG. 3F. Phase contrast images of micropatterned hiPSC clusters on 20,56, and 170 μm diameter fibronectin adhesive islands. Inset shows asingle cell cluster with DAPI-stained nuclei.

FIG. 3G. Micropatterned hiPSCs on 10 μm size adhesive islands offibronectin. Cells adhered as single cells and significant cell loss wasobserved overnight.

FIG. 3H. Immunofluorescence images showing undifferentiated state ofhiPSCs stained for OCT4, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81 on micropatternedsubstrates.

FIG. 3I. Immunofluorescence images showing undifferentiated state ofhiPSCs stained for pluripotency markers on laminin and fibronectin(overnight). IMR90 cells were used as negative control.

FIG. 3J. Detachment profile showing adherent cell cluster fraction vs.applied shear stress for hiPSCs on 20 μm (upper panel) and 170 μm (lowerpanel) diameter islands.

FIG. 4A. Adhesion strength measurements for spontaneously differentiated(SD) hiPSCs (derived from IMR90) and hESCs (H7) compared to respectiveundifferentiated (UD) cells cultured on fibronectin (FN) and laminin(LM). Bar graph represents average±S.D. (*p<0.05 undifferentiated cellsvs. differentiated cells).

FIG. 4B. Immunostaining showing recruitment of vinculin and talin tofocal adhesions in SD-hiPSCs (filled arrowhead) distinct from UD-hiPSCs(white arrowhead) cultured on fibronectin. Bar, 50 μm.

FIG. 4C. Adhesion strength measurements for spontaneously differentiatedhiPSCs (derived from IMR90) with 2% and 90% differentiation and comparedto undifferentiated cells cultured on laminin. Bar graph representsaverage+S.D.; horizontal dashed line represents average adhesionstrength of UD-hiPSCs.

FIG. 4D. Adhesion strength measurements for UD-hiPSCs, hiPSC-derivedneural rosettes, and hiPSC-derived neural progenitors (NP) on laminin.Bar graph represents average±S.D (*p<0.05).

FIG. 4E. Adhesion strength measurements for neural progenitors (NP)derived from hiPSCs and H9 hESCs on laminin and Matrigel™ substrates.Bar graph represents average±S.D (*p<0.05).

FIG. 5A. Schematic representing μSHEAR (micro Stem cell High-EfficiencyAdhesion-based Recovery device) with co-cultured cells.

FIG. 5B. UD-hiPSCs (white arrowheads, compact epithelial colonies) andIMR90 cells (filled arrowheads, elongated cells) co-cultured inmicrofluidic channel.

FIG. 5C. Live/Dead staining for viable hiPSCs (white arrowhead) andIMR90 cells (filled arrowhead). Live cells stained green for Calcein-AMwhile dead cells stain red for ethidium homodimer.

FIG. 5D. UD-hiPS cells (overnight culture) remain undifferentiated inmicrofluidic devices as stained positive for OCT4 and SSEA4.

FIG. 5E. Selective detachment of UD-hiPSC colonies from lamininsubstrates co-cultured with low density IMR90 fibroblasts.

FIG. 5F. Selective detachment of UD-hiPSC colonies from lamininsubstrates co-cultured with high density IMR90 cells. Colonies weredetached selectively at 85-125 dynes/cm² shear stress.

FIG. 5G. Selective detachment of UD-hiPSC colony (white arrow) fromlaminin and fibronectin. Colonies were selectively detached at a shearstress of 85-125 dynes/cm².

FIG. 5H. Selective detachment of UD-hiPSC colony (white arrow) fromMatrigel™. Colonies were selectively detached at a shear stress of85-125 dynes/cm².

FIG. 5I. Selective detachment of pre-stained UD-hiPSC (white arrow) fromhiPS/IMR90 co-culture demonstrating the ability to selectively detachlow adhesion strength hiPSCs.

FIG. 6. Flow cytometry plots showing detached hiPSCs (positive forTRA-16-60 and CMPTX) and IMR90 cells (positive for CMPTX only). At85-125 dynes/cm² shear stress, hiPSCs selectively detached yielding 99%purity, while at 250 dynes/cm² shear stress both hiPSC and IMR90 cellsdetached. For post-μSHEAR-based detachment, residual cells in thedevices were trypsinized and analyzed (upper right panel). Controls usedwere co-culture populations in devices not exposed to flow based and allcells recovered by trypsinization (lower right panel).

FIG. 7A. Bar graphs presenting flow cytometry-based measurements ofenrichment of hiPSCs and hESCs (H7) detached at 85-125 dynes/cm² shearstress from a co-culture of IMR90 and MEF cells, respectively. Figuresalso display residual stem cells in the devices post-μSHEAR-baseddetachment.

FIG. 7B. Selective detachment of UD-hESC colony from laminin in thepresence of MEF (filled arrow).

FIG. 8A. Five days co-culture and selective detachment of UD-hiPSCcolonies from laminin substrates co-cultured with IMR90 fibroblasts.Colonies were detached selectively at shear stress of 85-125 dynes/cm².

FIG. 8B. Flow cytometry measurements of enrichment of hiPSCs detached at85-125 dynes/cm² shear stress from 5 days cultures.

FIG. 9A. Detached UD-hiPS colonies cultured on Matrigel™ adhere ascolonies (day 2) and retained self-renewal properties indicated bycolony expansion (day 14).

FIG. 9B. Immunofluorescence staining for pluripotency markers SSEA4 andOCT4 showing detached and recovered UD-hiPSC colonies cultured onMatrigel™ retained undifferentiated characteristics (day 5 and day 14).

FIG. 9C. μSHEAR-isolated hiPSCs generated embryoid bodies (EBs). After14 days on rotary culture, EBs were plated for another 7 days.

FIG. 9D. Recovered EBs spontaneously differentiated into all threeprimary germ layers by day 21, mesoderm (α-smooth muscle actin),ectoderm (PAX6), and endoderm (α-fetoprotein). Nuclei were stained withHoechst.

FIG. 10A. Immunostaining for OCT4 and SSEA4 indicating undifferentiatedcells (white arrowhead) while negative expression indicatesdifferentiated (filled arrowhead) hiPSCs in μSHEAR.

FIG. 10B. Selective detachment of UD-hiPSC colony (white arrowhead) fromSD-hiPSCs (filled arrowhead) at 100 dynes/cm² shear stress (upper panel)using μSHEAR. Lower panel represents detachment of UD-hiPSCs anddifferentiated cells using a trypsin-like enzyme (TrypLE) where allcells are detached irrespective of cell type.

FIG. 10C. Bar graph presents flow cytometry measurements for enrichmentof UD-hiPSCs and UD-hESC (H7) detached at 85-150 dynes/cm² shear stressfrom a spontaneously differentiated culture using μSHEAR. Plot alsoshows residual undifferentiated stem cells in devices after μSHEAR-basedisolation.

FIG. 10D. Flow cytometry results showing detached UD-hiPSCs (positivefor TRA-1-60 and CMPTX) and SD-hiPSCs (positive for CMPTX only). Bargraph shows flow cytometry measurements of contamination of SD-hiPSCsand SD-hESC (H7) in recovered cells detached selectively at a shearstress of 85-125 dynes/cm².

FIG. 10E. Scale-up of μSHEAR from culture area corresponding to a singlewell of a 96-well plate to a 6-well plate, with consistent enrichmentefficiencies for UD-hiPSCs. Cross-sectional schematic of the device.

FIG. 11A. Flow cytometry scatter plots showing detached UD-hiPSCs(positive for TRA-1-60 and CMPTX) and SD-hiPSCs (positive for CMPTXonly) over a course of 10 passages using μSHEAR-based and conventionalenzymatic method. Plot shown is representative of three replicates.

FIG. 11B. Enrichment efficiency of undifferentiated cells whenrepeatedly passaged by μSHEAR, EDTA, TrypLE, Dispase, or Accutase overthe course of 10 passages, *P<0.05, n=3. hiPSCs from same batch (P0)were exposed to the passaging method and the recovered culture waspropagated for 5-6 days before next round of treatment. The startinghiPSC culture (P0) was 90% positive for pluripotency marker TRA-1-60.

FIG. 11C. Spontaneously differentiated (<10%) hiPSCs cultured onStemAdhere™. Seeded colonies resulted is poor survival (floatingcolonies, left), with adhesion of differentiated cells along-withundifferentiated cells (middle, right). Differentiated cells did notexpress pluripotency markers OCT4 and SSEA4.

FIG. 11D. Growth curves for cells cultured in mTeSR1 on Matrigel™ afterrepeated passaging using LSHEAR or manual hand-picking. Curves areplotted over 10 passages starting with an equivalent number of cells atday 0 for each passage (5×10⁴ cells). For each passage, cell counts arereported (×10⁵ cells) from triplicate wells at day 1, 3, 5 and day 7.Data are reported average+SD.

FIG. 11E. Cell survival after 24 hours on Matrigel™ in mTeSR® mediumafter passaging with μSHEAR, manual hand-picking, or TrypLE, *P<0.05,n=3.

FIG. 11F. Detached colonies cultured on Matrigel™ adhere asundifferentiated colonies (100 dynes/cm², day 2, white arrows) orpartially differentiated colonies (750 dynes/cm², day 2, filled arrows).

FIG. 11G. UD-hiPSC colonies exposed to repeated 10 device-based passagesretained high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and self-renewal propertiesindicated by colony expansion when cultured on Matrigel™.

FIG. 11H. Immunofluorescence staining for pluripotency markers SSEA4 andOCT4 showing detached and recovered UD-hiPSC colonies cultured onMatrigel™ retained undifferentiated characteristics across 10 passages.

FIG. 11I. Immunofluorescence staining for pluripotency markers SSEA4 andOCT4 showing detached UD-hiPSC colonies cultured on Matrigel™ retainedstemness for at least 10 passages using μSHEAR.

FIG. 12. Relative expression comparison for 84 embryonic stemcell-related genes between device passaged and manual hand-picked hiPSCsat the end of 10 passages using respective methods. The figure depicts alog plot of the relative expression level of each gene (2-ΔCt) betweenmanual (x-axis) and μSHEAR (y-axis). The dashed lines indicate atwo-fold change in gene expression threshold.

FIG. 13A. A number of cells fail to become fully reprogrammed hiPSCs.Filled arrow refer to partially reprogrammed cells, whereas white arrowsindicate reprogrammed hiPSCs.

FIG. 13B. IMR90-mimicking spread cells and round epithelial-like cellsdo not exhibit any pluripotency markers.

FIG. 13C. Adhesion strength analysis revealed significantly higheradhesion strength for partially reprogrammed cells compared toUD-hiPSCs, and was lower than parental IMR90 cells.

FIG. 13D. Focal adhesion protein localization indicated the presence ofwell-defined actin stress fibers and vinculin localized to focaladhesion for spread residual parental cells, while transduced roundcells exhibited negligible stress fibers or vinculin localization tofocal adhesions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It should be appreciated that the invention can be embodied in differentforms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments setforth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that thisdisclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey thescope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in thedescription of the invention herein is for the purpose of describingparticular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of theinvention.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, it is specifically intended thatthe various features of the invention described herein can be used inany combination.

Moreover, the present invention also contemplates that in someembodiments of the invention, any feature or combination of features setforth herein can be excluded or omitted.

To illustrate, if the specification states that a method comprises stepsA, B and C, it is specifically intended that any of A, B or C, or acombination thereof, can be omitted and disclaimed singularly or in anycombination. As another example, if the specification states that a cellhas particular characteristics, X, Y and Z, it is specifically intendedthat any of X, Y, Z, or a combination thereof, can be omitted anddisclaimed singularly or in any combination.

As used herein, “a,” “an” or “the” can mean one or more than one. Forexample, “a” cell can mean a single cell or a multiplicity of cells.

The term “about,” as used herein when referring to a measurable valuesuch as an amount of dose (e.g., an amount of a fatty acid) and thelike, is meant to encompass variations of ±20%, ±10%, ±5%, ±1%, ±0.5%,or even ±0.1% of the specified amount.

As used herein, the transitional phrase “consisting essentially of”means that the scope of a claim is to be interpreted to encompass thespecified materials or steps recited in the claim, “and those that donot materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s)” of theclaimed invention. See, In re Herz, 537 F.2d 549, 551-52, 190 U.S.P.Q.461, 463 (CCPA 1976) (emphasis in the original); see also MPEP §2111.03. Thus, the term “consisting essentially of” when used in a claimherein is not intended to be interpreted to be equivalent to“comprising.”

Cells used in carrying out the present invention are, in general, animalcells including mammalian cells and/or avian cells. Mammalian cellsinclude but are not limited to human, non-human mammal, non-humanprimate (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, baboon), dog, cat, mouse, hamster,rat, horse, cow, pig, rabbit, sheep and goat cells. Avian cells includebut are not limited to chicken, turkey, duck, geese, quail, and pheasantcells, and cells from birds kept as pets (e.g., parakeets, parrots,macaws, cockatoos, and the like). In particular embodiments, the cell isfrom a species of laboratory animal. Suitable animal cells include cellsfrom both males and females and animals of all ages including embryonic,infant, neonatal, juvenile, adolescent, adult and geriatric animals.

A “mixture of animal cells” refers to two or more types of animal cells(e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more). According to embodiments of the presentinvention, the mixture of animal cells is a mixture of adherent animalcells (e.g., in culture).

The term “cell of interest” or “cell type of interest” as used hereinrefers to a cell or cell type that it is desired to isolate for anyreason, but is not indicative of the intended use of the cells. Forexample, in embodiments, the “cell of interest” to isolate is acontaminating cell (e.g., a stem cell in a culture of progenitor cellsintended for transplantation in vivo), which optionally may be discarded

“Adhesion strength” as used herein refers to the strength with which acell is attached (e.g., adhered) to a substrate and is proportional tothe shear stress required to separate the cell therefrom. Adhesionstrength of a cell to the substrate is a function of a number ofproperties including the quantity and spatial distribution of integrinreceptors and the association of bound integrins to cytoskeletalelements. In embodiments, if one cell has a “higher,” “greater” or“increased” (and like terms) adhesion strength as compared with anothercell, the adhesion strength is at least about 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9 or 10-fold higher (e.g., as determined by detachment force). Inembodiments, if one cell has a “lower,” “lesser” or “reduced” (and liketerms) adhesion strength as compared with another cell, the adhesionstrength of the first cell is less than about 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%,20%, 10% or less than that of the second cell.

The term “substrate” as used herein refers to the surface on which thecells are adhered (e.g., cultured). The substrate can be glass and/orplastic. Examples of suitable substrates include without limitationslides, cover slips, culture dishes, culture bottles, multi-well platesand/or a cassette that fits into a device (e.g., for use with amicrofluidic device). The “substrate” can optionally be coated, e.g.,with an extracellular matrix protein, including without limitation,laminin, collagen (e.g., collagen IV), vitronectin, fibronectin,entactin, blebbistatin and/or a synthetic polymer coating such aspoly[2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammoniumhydroxide] (PMEDSAH). Suitable extracellular matrix formulations arecommercially available, such as isvitronectin (R&D Systems), MATRIGEL™and Laminin-511. As a further option, feeder cells can be grown on thesubstrate.

The term “detachment force” as used herein refers to a force that issufficient to detach, remove or separate a cell from the substrate onwhich it is adhered. The detachment force can be applied by any suitablemethod including, without limitation, hydrodynamic force, centrifugalforce and/or magnetic force. The detachment force can optionally bedescribed in terms of the force that produces a shear stress (τ,force/area) that results in 50% detachment of a plurality of the cells(τ₅₀). In embodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shear stressthat is greater than about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100dynes/cm² and/or less than about 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 105, 110,115, 120, 125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300,350, 400 or 500 dynes/cm² (including all combinations of lower andhigher values as long as the lower limit is less than the upper limit).In embodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shear stress thatis from about 10 to about 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 105, 110, 115,120, 125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or400 dynes/cm². In embodiments, the detachment force provides a wallshear stress that is from about 20 to about 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225,250, 300, 350 or 400 dynes/cm². In embodiments, the detachment forceprovides a wall shear stress that is from about 30 to about 40, 50, 60,70, 80, 90, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180,190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or 400 dynes/cm². In embodiments, thedetachment force provides a wall shear stress that is from about 40 toabout 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 140, 150,160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or 400 dynes/cm². Inembodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shear stress that isfrom about 50 to about 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125,130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or 400dynes/cm². In embodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shearstress that is from about 60 to about 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 105, 110,115, 120, 125, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or400 dynes/cm². In embodiments, the detachment force provides a wallshear stress that is from about 70 to about 80, 90, 100, 105, 110, 115,120, 125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or400 dynes/cm². In embodiments, the detachment force provides a wallshear stress that is from about 80 to about 90, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120,125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or 400dynes/cm². In embodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shearstress that is from about 80 to about 90, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125,130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or 400dynes/cm². In embodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shearstress that is from about 90 to about 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130,140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or 400 dynes/cm².In embodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shear stress thatis from about 100 to about 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 140, 150, 160,170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or 400 dynes/cm². In embodiments,the detachment force provides a wall shear stress that is from about 110to about 120, 125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250,300, 350 or 400 dynes/cm². In embodiments, the detachment force providesa wall shear stress that is from about 120 to about 130, 140, 150, 160,170, 180, 190, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350 or 400 dynes/cm². Further, thedetachment force can be applied as a consistent force or can be variable(e.g., within a range).

As used herein, “selectively detach” (and similar terms) refers topreferential detachment of a particular cell type within a mixture ofcells from a substrate to which the cell is adhered as compared with atleast one other cell type in the mixture of cells adhered to thesubstrate. In embodiments of the invention, to achieve selectivedetachment the wall shear stress that results in 50% detachment (τ₅₀) ofa cell type of interest is at least about 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or10-fold lower or higher as compared with the τ₅₀ for at least one othercell type in a mixture of adherent cells. Thus, the cell of interest tobe isolated can selectively detach with a higher or lower τ₅₀ than theat least one other cell type in the mixture of cells. In embodiments, atleast about 50%, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold,9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold,70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold or more of the cell type of interestdetaches relative to the at least one other cell type. In representativeembodiments, the detachment force that “selectively detaches” aparticular cell type as compared with at least one other cell type in amixture of cells adhered to a substrate results in at least about 60%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more detachment ofthe first cell type and/or less than about 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%,5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or less detachment of at least one other cell type inthe mixture of cells from the substrate.

As used herein, an “isolated” cell produced by a method of the inventionis a cell that has been partially or completely separated, enrichedand/or purified from other components (e.g., cells of other types in themixture of cells) with which it is associated in the mixture of cells(e.g., adherent cells in culture) prior to the use of the methods of theinvention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that an “isolated”plurality or population of cells need not be 100% pure, as long as thereis some enrichment or increase in the concentration of the cells ofinterest as compared with the concentration of the cells in the startingmaterial prior to the use of the methods of the invention. Inembodiments, the concentration of the “isolated” cell is increased by atleast about 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold,40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 80-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, 200-fold,300-fold, 400-fold, 500-fold, 600-fold, 800-fold, 1000-fold or more bythe practice of the methods of the invention. In embodiments of theinvention, an “isolated” plurality or population of cells is at leastabout 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or morepure.

“Totipotent” as used herein, refers to a cell that has the capacity toform an entire organism.

“Pluripotent” as used herein refers to a cell that has essentiallycomplete differentiation versatility, e.g., the capacity to grow intoessentially any of the animal's cell types (e.g., cells derived from anyof the three germs layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm). Apluripotent cell can be self-renewing, and can remain dormant orquiescent. Unlike a totipotent cell, a pluripotent cell cannot usuallyform a new blastocyst or blastoderm. A pluripotent cell generallyexpresses one or more pluripotency markers. Markers of pluripotency arewell known in the art and include, without limitation: OCT4 (POU5F1),NANOG, SOX2, SSEA4 (human), SSEA1 (mouse), SSEA3, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81,alkaline phosphatase, CD30 (Cluster Designation 30), GCTM-2, Genesis,germ cell nuclear factor, telomerase, and Rex-1 (these terms alsoencompass homologs from other species).

“Multipotent” as used herein refers to a cell that has the capacity toproduce any of a subset of cell types of the corresponding animal (e.g.,two or more cell types). Unlike a pluripotent cell, a multipotent celldoes not have the capacity to form all of the cell types of thecorresponding animal. Examples of multipotent cells include lineagecommitted cells and progenitor cells. Markers associated with particularlineages are well-known in the art and include, without limitation:neural markers (e.g., Nestin, CD133, and/or Musashi-1), hematopoieticmarkers (e.g., CD34 and/or c-Kit), pancreatic lineage marker (e.g.,Nestin and/or vimentin), skeletal muscle markers (e.g., MyoD, Pax7,myogenin, MR4 and/or myosin light chain), cardiac muscle markers (e.g.,MyoD, Pax7, and/or myosin heavy chain), and the like.

As used herein, the term “stem cell” includes without limitation:embryonic stem (ES) cells (e.g., derived from the epiblast tissue of theinner cell mass of a blastocyst or earlier morula stage embryo and/orproduced by somatic cell nuclear transfer), an induced pluripotent stem(iPS) cell and/or an adult stem cell (e.g., a somatic stem cell and/or agerm line stem cell). In embodiments of the invention, the stem cell isnot an adult stem cell. Stem cells are generally characterized by thecapacity for self-renewal (the ability to undergo numerous cycles ofcell division while maintaining an undifferentiated state) andpluripotency or, in some cases, multipotency. In embodiments of theinvention, the stem cell grows in clusters of at least about 2, 4, 6, 8,10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 or more cells (e.g., cells connected bycell-cell adhesions or junctions). In embodiments, the stem cellexhibits apoptosis when not grown or cultured in a cell cluster.

An “undifferentiated stem cell” is generally a pluripotent ormultipotent cell. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that ES cellsand iPS cells are typically considered pluripotent and express one ormore (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more) pluripotency markers (as that term isunderstood in the art and as described herein). On the other hand, adultstem cells are typically multipotent, and express one or more markers(e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more) associated with particular lineages.However, some adult stem cells are pluripotent (e.g., stem cellsisolated from umbilical cord blood), and can express one or more markers(e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more) associated with pluripotency. Adult stemcells are often referred to by their tissue of origin; mesenchymal stemcells, hematopoietic stem cells, adipocyte-derived stem cells,endothelial stem cells and dental pulp stem cells are nonlimitingexamples of adult stem cells.

A cell “derived from a stem cell” and similar terms as used hereinrefers to cells that are produced from stem cells (e.g.,undifferentiated stem cells) as a result of differentiation processes.Such cells include without limitation, spontaneously differentiated anddirectly differentiated stem cells (e.g., lineage committed cells,progenitor cells and/or terminally differentiated cells) and cells inintermediate stages of differentiation. Those skilled in the art willappreciate that the process of differentiation into different cell typesfrom a stem cell is a continuum and cells with intermediatecharacteristics are often present.

A “spontaneously differentiated stem cell” or “spontaneouslydifferentiated cell” as used herein is a cell derived from anundifferentiated stem cell as a result of a spontaneous (e.g., notdirected) differentiation process. Spontaneously differentiated cellsare a problematic contaminant of stem cell cultures and pose an obstacleto the culture and use of cultured stem cells. “Spontaneouslydifferentiated stem cells” or “spontaneously differentiated cells”appear to differentiate along random pathways and generally have reducedpluripotency and reduced expression of at least one pluripotency markeras compared with undifferentiated stem cells. In some instances,“spontaneously differentiated stem cells” appear as spread,fibroblast-like cells.

The term “directly differentiated stem cell” or “directly differentiatedcell” refers to a cell that has been directed to differentiate along aparticular pathway, e.g., by manipulation of culture medium components.Directly differentiated cells include lineage committed cells,progenitor cells, and terminally differentiated cells as well as cellsin intermediate stages of differentiation.

The term “lineage committed cell” as used herein indicates a cell thathas begun to express markers and/or exhibit morphology, structure,potency (e.g., the ability to differentiate along a particularlineage(s)) and/or other characteristics associated with a particularlineage, but is not yet a “progenitor” cell. Thus, “lineage committedcells” can be viewed as intermediates between stem cells and progenitorcells. Examples of lineage-committed cell include without limitation aneural committed cell (e.g., a neural rosette cell), a hematopoieticcommitted cell, a skeletal muscle committed cell, a cardiac musclecommitted cell, a pancreatic committed cell, and the like. As oneillustration, neural rosette cells express the protein marker nestin,but grow as radial clusters, whereas neural progenitor cells grow asindividual elongated cells. Thus, neural rosette cells expressintermediate characteristics between stem cells and neural progenitorcells.

A “progenitor cell” as used herein refers to a multipotent cell thattypically can divide only a limited number of times prior to terminaldifferentiation. “Progenitor cells” are early descendents of stem cellsthat typically have a reduced potency and self-replication capacity ascompared with stem cells. Nonlimiting examples of progenitor cellsinclude neural progenitor cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, cardiacmuscle progenitor cells, skeletal muscle progenitor cells, pancreaticprogenitor cells, and the like.

The term “feeder” cell is well-known in the art and encompasses cells(e.g., fibroblasts, bone marrow stromal cells, and the like) that arecultured with other cells (for example, stem cells) and support theviability and/or growth thereof.

The term “parental somatic” cell or “parental” cell refers to a cellthat is reprogrammed to produce an iPS cell. As is known in the art, iPScells are derived from other, typically non-pluripotent, cells such as asomatic cell (e.g., an adult somatic cell such as a fibroblast) byinducing expression of particular genes and/or introducing particularnucleic acids and/or proteins that result in reprogramming of the cell.iPS cultures are frequently contaminated by non-pluripotent parentalcells and/or partially reprogrammed cells. The parental cells cangenerally be identified by methods known in the art, e.g., morphology(elongated) and/or reduced expression or lack of expression of one ormore pluripotency markers (as known in the art and as described herein).Typically, partially reprogrammed cells have taken up some, but not all,of the reprogramming factors (e.g., are transformed with some but notall of the nucleic acids introduced to reprogram the cells). Inaddition, partially-reprogrammed cells often have a rounded orless-spread morphology as compared with the parental cells, butgenerally do not express pluripotency markers.

The inventors have made the surprising discovery that the characteristic“adhesive signature” associated with stem cells (e.g., undifferentiatedstem cells) and derivatives thereof can be used to selectively detachand isolate these cells from each other and/or from other cells in amixture of animal cells adhered to a substrate based on differences inadhesion strength for the substrate on which the cells are adhered(e.g., cultured). Thus, the process by which stem cells form derivativessuch as committed cells, progenitor cells, and terminally differentiatedcells is reflected in changes in the adhesion characteristics (e.g.,adhesion strength) of the cells and can be used as the basis forisolating such cells (e.g., to remove contaminating cells). A cell ofinterest can be isolated from a mixture of cells adhered to a substrateif there is a sufficient difference (higher or lower) in the adhesionstrength of the cell of interest to the substrate relative to at leastone other cell type (e.g., a contaminating cell type(s)) present in themixture of cells, such that a detachment force can be applied that willselectively detach the cell of interest from the substrate as comparedwith the at least one other cell type in the mixture of cells adhered tothe substrate.

In embodiments, the cell of interest selectively detaches at a lowerdetachment force from the substrate as compared with at least one othercell type (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more other cells types) in the mixtureof cells. Nonlimiting examples include the selective detachment of stemcells (e.g., undifferentiated stem cells) from a mixture of cells thatcomprises fibroblasts, fibroblast-like cells and/or spontaneouslydifferentiated stem cells that have a higher adhesion strength than thestem cells do for the substrate to which the mixture of cells is adhered(e.g., cultured). As another example, iPS cells can be selectivelydetached and isolated from a mixture of cells adhered to a substraterelative to parental cells and partially reprogrammed cells that have ahigher adhesion strength than the iPS cells do for the substrate.Optionally, a higher force can then be applied to detach the at leastone other cell type that remains adhered to the substrate.

In embodiments, the cell of interest selectively detaches from thesubstrate at a higher detachment force as compared with at least oneother cell type (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more other cells types) in themixture of cells adhered to the substrate. According to this embodiment,the at least one other cell type detaches from the substrate at a lowerdetachment force. In embodiments, the cell of interest can then bedetached from the substrate by the application of a higher detachmentforce. Alternatively, the cell of interest remains adhered to thesubstrate and can be cultured and/or can be subject to additionalanalysis, including for example, biochemical, protein marker, geneexpression and/or genetic analysis. A nonlimiting example in which thecell of interest has a higher adhesion strength for the substrateincludes the situation in which spontaneous differentiation of stemcells results in contaminating neural progenitor-like cells that have alower adhesion strength than stem cells (e.g., undifferentiated stemcells) do for the substrate.

In embodiments of the invention, the wall shear stress that results in50% detachment of the cell type of interest (τ₅₀) is at least about 1.5,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10-fold higher as compared with the τ₅₀ for atleast one other cell type in a mixture of cells. In embodiments, thewall shear stress that results in 50% detachment of the cell type ofinterest (τ₅₀) is less than about 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% orless as compared with the τ₅₀ for at least one other cell type in amixture of cells.

The inventors have discovered that stem cells, and cells derivedtherefrom, have characteristic adhesive signatures that can be exploitedto isolate such cells from each other and from other cells adhered to asubstrate (e.g., adherent cells in culture). For example, the methods ofthe invention find use in methods of isolating stem cells and/or cellsderived therefrom, for example, to remove contaminating cells, topassage cells and/or to isolate rare cells, and the like. Accordingly,the methods of the invention can be practiced once (e.g., to identify acell of interest) or two or more times (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or moretimes; for example, in passaging cell cultures).

As one aspect, the present invention provides a method of isolating acell of interest from a mixture of animal cells (e.g., cultured animalcells), wherein the cell of interest is a stem cell or a cell derivedtherefrom, the method comprising: subjecting a mixture of animal cellsadhered to a substrate, the mixture of cells comprising the cell ofinterest and at least one other cell type (e.g., a cell that is not thecell of interest) to a detachment force that is sufficient toselectively detach the cell of interest from the substrate relative tothe at least one other cell type in the mixture of cells, therebyisolating the cell of interest from the mixture of cells.

In representative embodiments, the cell of interest is a stem cell (forexample, an undifferentiated stem cell). Stem cells include withoutlimitation ES cells, iPS cells and/or adult stem cells. In embodiments,the stem cell is not an adult stem cell. In embodiments, the stem cellexpresses one or more markers associated with pluripotency. Inembodiments, the stem cell is pluripotent. In embodiments, the stem cellis multipotent.

The at least one other cell type in the mixture of cells can compriseany other cell type that may be present in the mixture of cells, forexample, as a contaminant (e.g., a cell that is not the cell ofinterest). In embodiments, the at least one other cell type is a feedercell, a parental somatic cell, a partially reprogrammed cell (e.g., fromthe process used to reprogram and produce iPS cells), a spontaneouslydifferentiated stem cell and/or a directly differentiated cell (e.g., alineage committed cell, a progenitor cell, a terminally differentiatedcell) and/or any other cell with a sufficient difference in adhesionstrength to the substrate so that the cell of interest can beselectively detached and isolated therefrom by an applied detachmentforce. In representative embodiments, the methods of the invention areused to isolate a stem cell subpopulation from a different subpopulationof stem cells, where the subpopulations of stem cells can bedistinguished on the basis of adhesion strength to the substrate.

Thus, the invention finds use in methods of isolating stem cells (forexample, an undifferentiated stem cell), e.g., to remove contaminatingcells, for cell passaging, and the like. To illustrate, according toembodiments of the invention, the stem cell (for example, anundifferentiated stem cell) is an iPS cell and the at least one othercell type is a parental somatic cell (e.g., a fibroblast) and/or apartially reprogrammed cell.

In other exemplary embodiments, the stem cell (for example, anundifferentiated stem cell) is an ES cell, an iPS cell and/or an adultstem cell and the at least one other cell type is a feeder cell.

In embodiments, the stem cell (for example, an undifferentiated stemcell) is an ES cell, an iPS cell and/or an adult stem cell and the atleast one other cell type is a spontaneously differentiated stem cell.

In further representative embodiments, the stem cell (for example, anundifferentiated stem cell) is an ES cell, an iPS cell and/or an adultstem cell and the at least one other cell type is a directlydifferentiated cell, optionally a lineage committed cell, a progenitorcell and/or a terminally differentiated cell.

As another illustration, the methods of the invention can be used toremove stem cells from populations of cells being prepared fortransplantation in vivo (e.g., directly differentiated cells such asprogenitor cells and/or terminally differentiated cells). Thus, inembodiments of the invention, the cell of interest is a contaminatingcell.

Any detachment force can be used that is sufficient to selectivelydetach the stem cell (e.g., an undifferentiated stem cell) as comparedwith the at least one other cell type in a mixture of cells (e.g., amixture of cultured cells) adherent to a substrate. In representativeembodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shear stress in therange of about 70 or 80 to about 150 or 160 dynes/cm². In embodiments,the detachment force provides a wall shear stress in the range of about80 to 125 dynes/cm². Other exemplary detachment forces are describedherein.

The present invention can be advantageously practiced with cells thatgrow in culture as adherent cells. For example, ES cells and iPS cells(e.g., in an undifferentiated state) generally grow as adherent culturesand lose viability when separated into single cells, for example, forpassaging and/or isolation. In embodiments, the invention can bepracticed to isolate cells that grow in culture as cell clusters.Further, in embodiments of the invention, the cell of interest (e.g., anES cell or iPS cell) detaches from the substrate as part of a cluster ofcells.

Cells isolated by the methods of the invention generally retain theirfunction. For example, in embodiments, a stem cell (e.g.,undifferentiated stem cell) isolated according to the methods of theinvention maintains expression of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ormore) pluripotency markers. In embodiments, stem cells (e.g.,undifferentiated stem cells) isolated according to the methods of theinvention retain the ability to produce two or more different cellstypes. In embodiments, stem cells (e.g., undifferentiated stem cells)isolated according to the methods of the invention are ability toproduce endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. In further embodiments, stemcells (e.g., undifferentiated stem cells) isolated according to themethods of the invention are pluripotent or multipotent.

The methods of the invention also find use in methods of isolating cellsderived from stem cells, for example a stem cell-derived lineagecommitted cell. Lineage committed cells can be from any cell lineage ofinterest including, but not limited to, a stem cell-derived neuralcommitted cell, a stem cell-derived hematopoietic committed cell, a stemcell-derived skeletal muscle committed cell, a stem cell-derived cardiacmuscle cell, a stem cell-derived pancreatic committed cell, or any otherlineage derived from endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm. Methods ofidentifying lineage committed cells are known in the art and include,for example, marker expression and/or morphology, structure, potency(e.g., the ability to differentiate along a particular lineage(s))and/or other characteristics associated with a particular lineage. Inembodiments, a neural committed cell expresses the markers nestin and/orMusashi-1. Optionally, the neural committed cell is a neural rosettecell, which generally grow in culture in characteristic radial clusters.

When isolating lineage committed cells (e.g., to remove contaminatingcells), the at least one other cell type can be any cell type present inthe mixture of cells, for example, is a stem cell (e.g., anundifferentiated stem cell), a feeder cell, a parental somatic cell, apartially reprogrammed cell, a spontaneously differentiated stem cell,another type of lineage committed cell, a progenitor cell, a terminallydifferentiated cell and/or any other cell with a sufficient differencein adhesion strength to the substrate so that the cell of interest canbe selectively detached and isolated therefrom by an applied detachmentforce.

As one illustrative and nonlimiting example, the method can be used toisolate a neural committed cell (e.g., a neural rosette cell) from amixture of cells adhered to a substrate. Typically, at least some of thestem cells (e.g., undifferentiated stem cells) present in the mixture ofcells will be isolated along with the neural committed cells. In someembodiments, the neural committed cells (along with any stem cellspresent) can be cultured, and optionally the medium and/or other cultureconditions can be manipulated to differentiate the neural committedcells to neural progenitor cells. As a further option, the neuralprogenitor cells can then be isolated away from any stem cells (e.g.,undifferentiated stem cells) present in the culture using a methodaccording to the present invention.

As another example, cultures of lineage committed cells (e.g., neuralcommitted cells) can be contaminated with spread, fibroblast-like cells.These cells can be distinguished on the basis of adhesion strength tothe substrate and isolated according to the methods of the invention.For example, neural rosette cells can be selectively detached andisolated away from the fibroblast-like cells by applying a relativelylow detachment force (as described herein).

Any detachment force can be used that is sufficient to selectivelydetach the lineage committed cell as compared with the at least oneother cell type in a mixture of cells adhered to a substrate. Inrepresentative embodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shearstress in the range of about 20 to 160 dynes/cm². In embodiments, thedetachment force provides a wall shear stress in the range of about 70or 80 to about 150 or 160 dynes/cm². In embodiments, the detachmentforce provides a wall shear stress in the range of about 80 to 125dynes/cm². Other exemplary detachment forces are described herein.

Methods of isolating stem cell-derived progenitor cells from a mixtureof adherent animal cells (e.g., cultured animal cells) are alsocontemplated by the present invention. The stem cell derived progenitorcell can be from any cell lineage known in the art, including withoutlimitation a stem cell-derived neural progenitor cell, a hematopoieticprogenitor cell, a cardiac muscle progenitor cells, a skeletal muscleprogenitor cell, a pancreatic progenitor cell or any other lineagederived from endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm. Methods of identifyingprogenitor cells are known in the art and include, for example, forexample, marker expression and/or morphology, structure, potency (e.g.,the ability to differentiate along a particular lineage) and/or othercharacteristics associated with a particular progenitor cell. Forexample, a stem cell-derived neural progenitor cell can optionallyexpress the marker nestin and differentiate into neural cells expressingTuj-1 and/or MAP2. In embodiments, the stem cell-derived progenitorcells isolated according to the methods of the invention retain theirfunction, for example, are multipotent (e.g., are able to differentiateinto two or more lineage specific cell types).

In methods of practicing the invention to isolate a stem-cell-derivedprogenitor cell, the at least one other cell type can be any other celltype present in the mixture of cells. For example, the at least oneother cell type can be a stem cell (e.g., an undifferentiated stemcell), a feeder cell, a parental somatic cell, a partially reprogrammedcell, a spontaneously differentiated stem cell, a lineage committedcell, another progenitor cell type, a terminally differentiated celland/or any other cell with a sufficient difference in adhesion strengthto the substrate so that the cell of interest can be selectivelydetached and isolated therefrom by an applied detachment force.

As a representative example, it can be advantageous to isolateprogenitor cells away from residual stem cells (e.g., undifferentiatedstem cells) in the mixture of cells. There is a concern in the art thatresidual stem cells can form teratoma if transplanted into a subject invivo. Accordingly, the invention can be practiced to isolate progenitorcells and decrease the population of contaminating stem cells to reducethe risk of teratoma formation for progenitor cell populations that maybe used for transplantation.

Any detachment force can be used that is sufficient to selectivelydetach the progenitor cell as compared with the at least one other celltype in a mixture of cells adhered to a substrate. In representativeembodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shear stress in therange of about 10 to 120 or 130 dynes/cm². In embodiments, thedetachment force provides a wall shear stress in the range of about 20to 70 or 80 dynes/cm². In still further embodiments, the detachmentforce provides a wall shear stress in the range of about 20 to 40, 50 or60 dynes/cm². Other exemplary detachment forces are described herein.

The present invention can also be practiced to isolate terminallydifferentiated cells from mixtures of cells (e.g., in adherent cellcultures). The terminally differentiated cell can be any differentiatedcell known in the art, e.g., a cardiac muscle cell, a skeletal musclecell, a smooth muscle cell, a blood cell, a hepatocyte, a skin cell, anendothelial cell, a pancreatic cell, a hepatocyte, a neural cell, or anyother cell derived from endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm. Methods ofidentifying terminally differentiated cells are known in the art and,include, for example, marker expression, morphology, functional and/orstructural characteristics. For example, cardiomyocytes generallyexpress MyoD, Pax7, and/or myosin heavy chain.

When isolating terminally differentiated cells according to the methodsof the invention, the at least one other cell type can be any cell thatmay be present in the mixture of cells (e.g., a contaminating cell). Inrepresentative embodiments, the at least one other cell type is a stemcell (e.g., an undifferentiated stem cell), a feeder cell, a parentalsomatic cell, a partially reprogrammed cell, a spontaneouslydifferentiated stem cell, a lineage committed cell, a progenitor cell,another terminally differentiated cell type and/or any other cell with asufficient difference in adhesion strength to the substrate so that thecell of interest can be selectively detached and isolated therefrom byan applied detachment force.

Any detachment force can be used that is sufficient to selectivelydetach the terminally differentiated cell as compared with the at leastone other cell type present in a mixture of cells adhered to asubstrate. In representative embodiments, the detachment force providesa wall shear stress in the range of about 20 to 120 or 130 dynes/cm². Inembodiments, the detachment force provides a wall shear stress in therange of about 70 to 120 or 130 dynes/cm². In embodiments, thedetachment force provides a wall shear stress in the range of about 20to 70 or 80 dynes/cm². In still further embodiments, the detachmentforce provides a wall shear stress in the range of about 20 to 40 or 50dynes/cm². Other exemplary detachment forces are described herein.

In practicing the present invention, any two adherent cells (e.g., inculture) with sufficiently different adhesion strength to the substratecan be separated. In embodiments of the invention, the cell of interestdetaches at a lower detachment force as compared with the at least oneother cell type. For example, a stem cell (e.g., an undifferentiatedstem cell) can be isolated from contaminating fibroblasts orfibroblast-like cells and spontaneously differentiated cells because thestem cell can be selectively detached at a lower detachment force.

Alternatively, the cell of interest can detach at a higher detachmentforce as compared with the at least one other cell type. To illustrate,at least some neural progenitor cells have a lower adhesion strengthrelative to stem cells (e.g., undifferentiated) or neural committedcells. Thus, according to some embodiments one can isolate stem cellsand/or neural committed cells from neural progenitor cells by firstdetaching the neural progenitor cells at a lower detachment force. Thestem cells and/or neural committed cells can then be cultured, subjectedto analysis and/or can be detached by application of a higher detachmentforce.

Cells isolated according to the methods of the invention are generallyviable and/or retain the ability to divide and produce progeny cells.For example, in embodiments of the invention, at least about 50%, 60%,70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%. 97%, 98%, 99% or more of the cells are viableand/or retain the ability to divide and produce progeny cells.

Further, in embodiments of the invention, the cells are isolated withhigh efficiency and/or to a high level of purity. In embodiments of theinvention, at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%. 97%, 98%,99% or more of the cells of interest in the mixture of animal cellsadhered to the substrate are isolated. In embodiments, a plurality ofthe cells of interest are isolated with at least about 50%, 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, 95%, 96%. 97%, 98%, 99% or more purity.

In addition, the isolation methods provided herein have been found to bequite robust and can isolate cells present at a wide range of startingconcentrations in a mixture of cells. For example, in embodiments of theinvention, the cell of interest constitutes less than about 50%, 40%,30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% or less of the cells inthe mixture of animal cells. In embodiments, the cell of interestconstitutes at least about 50%, 60% 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%. 97%, 98%,99% or more of the cells in the mixture of animal cells.

Cells isolated according to the methods of the invention can be used forany purpose, e.g., further culture, transplantation and/or evaluation(for example, by flow cytometry, biochemical analysis, gene expressionanalysis and/or any other suitable analysis).

The detachment force can be applied to the mixture of cells using anysuitable method. As nonlimiting examples, the detachment force can beapplied by hydrodynamic force, centrifugal force and/or magnetic force.In embodiments, the method of applying the detachment force does notinvolve labeling the cells with a detectable label and/or affinityreagent.

The detachment force can be applied for any suitable period of time toachieve the desired level of detachment and isolation. In embodiments,the detachment force is applied for at least about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 minutes and/or less than about 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 75, 90,105 or 120 minutes (including all combinations of lower and upper valuesas long as the lower limit is less than the upper limit). Inrepresentative embodiments, the time period is from about 2 to 20minutes. In embodiments, the time period is from about 5 to 15 minutes.

In representative embodiments, the method is carried out in amicrofluidic device or a spinning disk device.

The invention further provides an isolated cell and isolated populationsand cultures of cells produced by the methods of the invention.

The present invention is more particularly described in the followingexamples that are intended as illustrative only since numerousmodifications and variations therein will be apparent to those skilledin the art.

Example 1 Materials and Methods

Cell Culture.

The hiPSCs (IMR90) were derived and validated by ArunA Biomedical, Inc.using the viPS™ Vector Kit (Thermo Scientific Open Biosystems) composedof six lentiviral vectors encoding OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, LIN28, KLF4 andc-MYC driven by the EF1alpha promoter. Briefly, IMR90 human fetal lungfibroblasts (female, ATCC) were transduced (MOI 10 each vector) forreprogramming as per manufacturer's protocol. Transduced fibroblastswere seeded onto inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to formcolonies and emerging hiPSC colonies were manually passaged bymechanical dissociation on MEFs. hiPSCs demonstrated well-definedborders, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, prominent nucleoli, alkalinephosphatase activity, positive expression of cell surface marker SSEA4,embryoid body formation and teratoma formation. To transition hiPSCs toa feeder-free culture system, colonies were manually passaged bymechanical dissociation onto Matrigel™ (1:100 dilution; BD Biosciences)in mTeSR®1 medium (STEMCELL Technologies). hiPSCs used in the study werebetween passage 26-48, routinely cultured as feeder-freeundifferentiated colonies (UD-hiPSC) in mTeSR®1 medium on Matrigel™,enzymatically passaged with dispase (1 mg/mL), followed by scraping.Human dermal fibroblast-derived hiPSC (11b, healthy male donor) wereobtained from Harvard Stem Cell Institute and cultured as above. hESCsused in the study were at passage 35 (H1, Wicell), passage 54 (H7,Wicell) and cultured in mTeSR®1 medium on Matrigel™ as described before.IMR90 human fetal lung fibroblasts (passage 15-20), human dermalfibroblasts (primary adult skin, Cell Applications) and MEFs (primaryisolated, passage 2) were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Mediumwith 1% L-glutamine, 1% non-essential amino acids, 10% Fetal BovineSerum (FBS), and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Immunostaining and flowcytometer measurements were performed using antibodies listed in Table1.

TABLE 1 Marker Primary Antibody Secondary Antibody Octamer-BindingRabbit Oct-3/4 (H-134): Alexa Fluor ® 546- Transcription sc-9081(SantaCruz IgG (Invitrogen) Factor ¾ (Oct3/4) Biotechnology, Inc.)Stage-Specific Mouse MC-813-70 Alexa Fluor ® 488- Embryonic Antigen-4(SSEA-4) (Developmental IgG (Invitrogen) (SSEA4) Studies Hybridoma Bank)Integrin β1 beta1 Mouse Monoclonal Alexa Fluor ® 488- Antibody (Part No.IgG (Invitrogen) MAB1951Z-20, Millipore) Integrin α5 alpha5 MouseMonoclonal Alexa Fluor ® 488- Antibody (Part No. MAB IgG (Invitrogen)1956Z-20, Millipore) Integrin α6 alpha6 Rat Monoclonal Alexa Fluor ®488- Antibody (Part No. IgG (Invitrogen) MAB1378-20, Millipore) Integrinβ1 Rat integrin beta-1 (AIIB2, N/A (Blocking) Developmental StudiesHybridoma Bank) TRA-1-81 Ms mAB TRA-1-81 Alexa Fluor ® 488- ab16289(Abcam) IgG (Invitrogen) Or Alexa Fluor ® 546- IgG (Invitrogen) TRA-1-60Ms mAB TRA-1-60 Alexa Fluor ® 488- ab16288 (Abcam) IgG (Invitrogen) orAlexa Fluor ® 546- IgG (Invitrogen) Hoechst 33258 Hoechst 33258 (Sigma-N/A 861405 Sigma-Aldrich) Paired Box Protein 6 ab5790 (Abeam) AlexaFluor ® 488- (PAX6) IgG (Invitrogen) α-Fetoprotein A0008 (Dako) AlexaFluor ® 488- IgG (Invitrogen) α-Smooth Muscle Ab5694 (Abcam) AlexaFluor ® 488- Actin (α-SMA) IgG (Invitrogen) STAINALIVE Mouse(Stemgent ®) DyLight ™ 488 Anit-Human TRA- Conjugated 1-60

Neural Rosette, Progenitor Cell and Differentiated Neuronal CellDerivation.

Neural rosettes and subsequent neural progenitor cells anddifferentiated neuronal cells were derived from feeder-free, pluripotentcolonies of hiPSC (passage 40 or 52), based on methods previouslydescribed using hESC53. Briefly, hiPSC were enzymatically passaged 1:2with dispase (1 mg/mL) followed by cell scraping onto BD Matrigel™(diluted 1:100; BD Biosciences) in mTeSR®1 Medium (STEMCELLTechnologies). Medium was changed every other day for 4 days. On day 5,medium was switched to neural derivation medium (DMEM/F-12 supplementedwith N-2 (Life Technologies), 4 ng/mL Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2;R&D Systems), 2 mM L-glutamine (Life Technologies) and 50 U/mL, 50 μg/mLPenicillin-Streptomycin (Life Technologies)) and changed every otherday. After 1 week in neural derivation medium, neural rosettes weremanually isolated and then propagated on BD Matrigel™ (diluted 1:200) inneural proliferation medium (Neurobasal® Medium supplemented with B-27®(Life Technologies), 20 ng/mL FGF2, 10 ng/mL Leukemia Inhibitory Factor(LIF, Millipore), 2 mM L-glutamine (Life Technologies) and 50 U/mL, 50μg/mL Penicillin-Streptomycin (Life Technologies)), with medium changedevery other day. After 4 weeks of differentiation, neural progenitorcells were manually isolated from neural rosette cultures and propagatedas an adherent monolayer on BD Matrigel™ in neural proliferation medium.After several manual passages with a cell scraper, confluent cultures ofhiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells on BD Matrigel™ (diluted 1:200)were differentiated for 2 weeks to mature, β-III tubulin (TUJ1)/MAP2-positive neuronal cells by removing FGF2 from the neuralproliferation medium and changing medium every 2-3 days.

Design and Fabrication of Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) MicropatternedArrays.

PDMS micropattern arrays with 10 μm, 20 μm, 56 μm, and 170 μm werefabricated from silicon array masters (Gallant et al., Mol. Biol. Cell16:4329-4340 (2005); Dumbauld et al., J. Cell Physiol. 223:746-456(2010); Fu et al., Nat. Methods 7:733-736 (2010)). Microcontact printingon glass coverslips coated with Ti (100 Å) followed by Au (100 Å) wasachieved using hexadecanethiol/(HO(CH₂CH₂O)₃—(CH₂)₁₁SH) chemistry(Gallant et al., Mol. Biol. Cell 16:4329-4340 (2005); Dumbauld et al.,Biol. Cell 102:203-213 (2010)). Coverslips were incubated withextracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (fibronectin or laminin, 50 μg/ml inPBS with calcium/magnesium, Invitrogen)(Gallant et al., Mol. Biol. Cell16:4329-4340 (2005); Dumbauld et al., Biol. Cell 102:203-213 (2010)).After blocking with 1% denatured bovine serum albumin (Sigma) for 30minutes and eluting proteins for two hours in phosphate-buffered saline(PBS), single cell suspensions of IMR90 cells or hiPS were seeded inmTeSR1 medium with ROCK-inhibitors Y27362 (10 μM, Calbiochem) orThiazovivin (2 μM, Stemgent®). Briefly, hiPS cells were treated with0.05% trypsin for 1 minute and scraped as colonies. Cells were thenprepared as single cells in mTeSR® 1 with Y27362-ROCK inhibitor andseeded as 100,000 cells/ml on the micro-patterned stamps overnight.

Cell Adhesive Force Measurements.

Cell adhesion strength was measured using a spinning disk system (Garciaet al., J. Biol. Chem. 273:10988-10993 (1998); Gallant et al., Mol.Biol. Cell 16:4329-4340 (2005)). Coverslips with adherent cells culturedovernight were spun in PBS with 2 mM dextrose for 5 minutes at aconstant speed in a custom-built device in compliance with AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials (ASTM standard F2664-11). The appliedshear stress (τ) is given by the formula τ=0.8r(ρμω³)^(1/2), where r isthe radial position, p and μ are the fluid density and viscosity,respectively, and ω is the spinning speed. After spinning, cells werefixed in 3.7% formaldehyde, permeabilized in 0.1% Triton™ X-100, stainedwith DAPI (Invitrogen), and counted at specific radial positions using a10× objective lens in a Nikon TE300 microscope equipped with a Ludlmotorized stage, Spot-RT camera, and Image-Pro® analysis system.Sixty-one fields were analyzed and cell cluster counts were normalizedto the number of cell cluster counts at the center of the disk, wherethe applied force is zero. The fraction of adherent cell cluster (f) wasthen fit to a sigmoid curve f=1/(1+exp[b(τ−τ₅₀)]), where τ₅₀ is theshear stress for 50% detachment and b is the inflection slope. τ₅₀represent the mean adhesion strength for a population of cells. Theadhesion strength response was analyzed on micropatterned islands coatedwith saturating fibronectin or laminin concentrations (50 μg/ml) orMatrigel™ (1:80 dilutions).

Focal Adhesion Assembly.

Immunofluorescence staining of focal adhesion proteins was performed aspreviously described (Gallant et al., Mol. Biol. Cell 16:4329-4340(2005)). Briefly, cells were prewashed with ice-cold PBS with calciumand magnesium, incubated in ice-cold cytoskeleton stabilization buffer(50 mM NaCl, 150 mM sucrose, 3 mM MgCl₂, 1 μg ml⁻¹ aprotinin, 1 μg ml⁻¹leupeptin, 1 μg ml⁻¹ pepstatin and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride)for 1 minute, followed by two incubations (1 minute each) incytoskeleton buffer supplemented with 0.5% Triton™ X-100 (Roche).Detergent-extracted cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS,washed with PBS, incubated with a primary antibody against vinculin(Upstate) or talin (Sigma) and detected with Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugatedantibodies (Invitrogen).

Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices.

PDMS (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning, MI) microfluidic devices were fabricatedas reported earlier using a negative photoresist (SU-8 2050, 50 mthickness MicroChem, Newton, Mass.) and UV light photolithography(McDonald et al., Electrophoresis 21:27-40 (2000)). Patterned negativemolds were then exposed to vapor-phasetridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl-1-trichlorosilane (United ChemicalTechnologies, Bristol, Pa.) in a vacuum desiccator to prevent adhesionof PDMS. A 5 mm-thick layer of degassed PDMS mixture (10:1 ratio) wascast onto the mold and cured at 70° C. for 2 hours. Cast PDMS deviceswere peeled-off and then punctured for inlet-outlet holes and bonded toglass coverslips by exposure to oxygen plasma for 20 seconds.

Micro Stem Cell High-Efficiency Adhesion-Based Recovery (pUSHEAR)-BasedIsolation.

Prior to coating with ECM proteins, the microfluidic channels and tubeswere sterilized with 70% ethanol and rinsed thoroughly with PBS. ECMproteins at 50 μg/ml (fibronectin or laminin) or 1:80 Matrigel™ wereflowed through sterile devices and incubated for 1 hour at roomtemperature. Small colonies of pluripotent stem cells and single cellsuspensions of fibroblasts were premixed and pipetted into the inletreservoir using a 200 μl pipette tip and were cultured in the device for24 hours at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ before detachment experiments. The deviceinlet was connected to a syringe pump using polyethylene tubing(Catalog# BB31695-PE/4, Scientific Commodities Inc.) and outlet tubesemptied into collecting tubes. PBS was flowed at predetermined flowrates through the device to match up the desirable fluid shear stress,and cell detachment was monitored though a Nikon TE microscope. For thismicrofluidic flow configuration, the applied wall shear stress (z) isdefined by the formula τ=12(μQ/wh²), where w and h are the width andheight of the channel, respectively, is the fluid viscosity, and Q isthe fluid flow rate (Lu et al., Anal. Chem. 76:5257-5264 (2004)).Cell/colonies were plated on Matrigel™-coated tissue culture plates in10 μM ROCK inhibitor Y27362 (or 2 μM Thiazovivin) containing mTeSR®1media. For flow cytometry studies to determine purification efficiency,collected colonies or cells were immediately resuspended in a suspensionof Stemgent® StainAlive™-DyLight™-488 mouse anti-human TRA-1-60antibody, and CMPTX-Cell Tracker Red dye, stained for 45 minutes, washedand analyzed using Accuri flow cytometer (BD Biosciences).

Pluripotent Stem Cell Characterization.

Karyotype analysis was performed on 20 metaphase spreads for each sampleby CellLine Genetics (Madison, Wis.). To determine population doublingtime and survival, detached colonies from μSHEAR were dissociated intosingle cells and plated in Matrigel™-coated 12-well plates. Atpredetermined times, wells were washed and cells were counted. Embryoidbodies (EBs) from detached and expanded hiPSCs were formed usingultra-high throughput forced aggregation method (Bratt-Leal et al.,Biomaterials 32:48-56 (2011) and after 24 hours, cell aggregates weretransferred to a suspension culture on a rotary orbital shaker (65 RPM).Differentiation was followed by plating EBs in cell chambers (BD Falcon)and after 21 days differentiated cells were fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.05% Triton™-X100, and stainedwith antibodies against α-fetoprotein, α-smooth muscle actin, and PAX6.

Gene Expression Analysis.

RNA was isolated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) usingQIAshredder™ and RNeasy® Mini kits (Qiagen) according to manufacturer'sprotocols. First-strand cDNA synthesis was performed using the RT2 FirstStrand Kit (SABiosciences) followed by real-time PCR using the HumanEmbryonic Stem Cells PCR array (SABiosciences) according tomanufacturer's recommended protocols and using a BioRad MyCycler™ andBioRad MyiQ™ real-time thermal cycler, respectively. Individual Ctvalues were first internally normalized to GAPDH and subsequentlyanalyzed with Genesis software (Graz University of Technology) includinglog 2 transformation and Hierarchical clustering.

Statistics.

For integrin profiling, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) wasperformed followed by Bonferroni correction using OriginPro 8.5.1.Paired, two-tailed, Student's t-test was performed to determine thesignificance of differences between 2 groups in adhesion blocking,adhesion strength, and μSHEAR assays. In all tests, p<0.05 was regardedas statistically significant. All experiments were repeated intriplicates unless otherwise stated and bar graph represents mean 4 SD.

Example 2 Changes in ‘Adhesive Signature’ with Induced Reprogramming andDifferentiation

During the process of reprogramming, hiPSCs derived from fibroblasts andother parental cells undergo significant changes in cell morphologythrough a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition resulting in a phenotypethat is indicative of the pluripotent state (Samavarchi-Tehrani et al.,Cell Stem Cell 7:64-77 (2010)). Similar to hESCs, hiPSCs grow incompact, epithelial colonies with ultrastructural characteristicsanalogous to the epiblast epithelium of the mammalian embryo (Chen etal., Cell Stem Cell 7:240-248 (2010)). We designed a study to evaluatewhether feeder-free UD-hiPSCs exhibit adhesive force characteristics oran “adhesive signature” distinct from the parental human fibroblastcells (IMR90), SD-hiPSCs, and neural progenitors obtained via directeddifferentiation (FIG. 1A).

The adhesive strength of a cell to its surrounding matrix is a complexfunction of the quantity and spatial distribution of integrin receptorsligated to extracellular matrix molecules as well as the association ofbound integrins to cytoskeletal elements (Garcia et al., J. Biol. Chem.273:10988-10993 (1998); Geiger & Bershadsky, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.13:584-492 (2001); Gallant et al., Mol. Biol. Cell 16:4329-4340 (2005)).The composite of these adhesive characteristics, which constitutes theadhesive signature of a cell, could be used to define the phenotype ofcells in different states. Human fibroblasts, including the IMR90 lineand primary dermal fibroblasts, represent one of the most common somaticcell sources (Yu et al., Science 1917-1920 (2007); Lister et al., Nature462:315-322 (2009)) for reprogramming. IMR90 and dermal fibroblastsexhibited an elongated morphology without direct cell-cell adhesions anddefined cell polarity as compared to the reprogrammed state of UD-hiPSCswhich existed as tightly packed epithelial colonies (FIGS. 1B and 1E).Unlike UD-hiPSCs, colonies with partial spontaneous differentiationexhibited regions with mesenchymal-like and epithelial-like morphologies(FIG. 1B). IMR90 parental cells were further characterized by theabsence of pluripotency markers OCT4 and SSEA4, which, among others,defined the undifferentiated state of hiPSCs (FIG. 1C). The derivedhiPSCs were positive for OCT4, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, NANOG, and TRA-1-81(FIGS. 1C and 1F) and thus represented fully reprogrammed cells (Chan etal., Nat. Biotechnol. 27:1033-1037 (2009)). As spontaneousdifferentiation occurred, cells transitioning from epithelial UD-hiPSCto mesenchymal SD-hiPSCs lost pluripotency as indicated by significantlydecreased or the complete absence of OCT4 and SSEA4 expression (FIG.1C). Because of the significant morphological changes resulting fromreprogramming, we evaluated whether induced pluripotent cells wouldexhibit significant changes in the adhesive characteristics whencompared to the parental somatic cells. Furthermore, human neuralrosettes, which are a distinct group of early-stage multi-potent neuralstem cells obtained via directed differentiation of hiPSCs33 exhibited aradial pattern of epithelial cell-like morphology (FIG. 1B), distinctfrom round UD-hiPSCs and the surrounding spread fibroblast-like cells.Rosettes, expressing Nestin (FIG. 1C) and Musashi-1 (FIG. 1G), weremanually isolated and further differentiated to neural progenitors withelongated epithelial morphology and loss of OCT-4 expression (FIG. 1H).

Changes in integrin profiles expressed by the parental fibroblast andthe reprogrammed state were examined. IMR90 fibroblasts and hiPSCs werecultured on fibronectin or laminin and analyzed for expression ofseveral α and β integrin subunits. Differences in expression ofintegrins α5, α6, and β1 involved in fibroblast and UD-hiPSC adhesion tofibronectin, laminin, and Matrigel™ were observed (FIG. 2A). Flowcytometry analyses revealed 30-35% higher expression of α5 integrins byIMR90 fibroblasts compared to hiPSCs, regardless of whether the cellswere cultured on fibronectin, laminin or Matrigel™ (p<0.05, FIG. 2A). Incontrast, hiPSCs expressed 60-70% more α6 integrins than IMR90 cells forall matrices (FIGS. 2A-2C). The expression of β1 subunit by hiPSCs wassignificantly higher only when cultured on Matrigel™ compared to IMR90cells. Adhesion inhibition studies using blocking antibodies revealedthat β1 integrin was involved in mediating IMR90 and hiPSC adhesion tothese matrices (FIG. 2D). Blocking α6 integrin significantly reducedhiPSC adhesion to laminin but did not inhibit the adhesion of IMR90cells (FIGS. 2D-2E). Furthermore, blocking α5 integrins significantlyreduced the adhesion of hiPSCs and IMR90 cells to fibronectin but it didnot alter adhesion to laminin (FIGS. 2D-2E). The high α6β1 integrinexpression in hiPSCs is in agreement with previous studies of hESCs(Meng et al., FASEB J 24:1056-1065 (2010)).

The steady state cell adhesion strength for parental fibroblasts andhiPSCs on ECM-coated adhesive islands of different dimensions wasevaluated using a spinning disk device (Garcia et al., J. Biol. Chem.273:10988-10993 (1998); Gallant et al., Mol. Biol. Cell 16:4329-4340(2005); Dumbauld et al., J Cell Physiol. 223:746-756 (2010)). Thisdevice applies a range of well-defined hydrodynamic forces to adherentcells and provides sensitive measurements of adhesion strength. Adherentcells were exposed to laminar fluid flow to produce a detachment forcethat is proportional to the hydrodynamic wall shear stress (τ,force/area). The applied detachment force varies linearly with radialposition along the surface of the sample, resulting in the applicationof a range of forces in a single experiment. The adhesion strengthresponse was analyzed on adhesive surfaces coated with saturatingfibronectin or laminin concentrations (50 μg/ml), or Matrigel™ (1:80dilution).

Because of differences in cell morphology and spreading that accompanythe pre- and post-reprogramming states, we evaluated whether hiPSCsexhibit lower adhesive strength (shear stress for 50% detachment (τ₅₀))than parental fibroblasts. FIG. 3A presents detachment profiles forhiPSCs and IMR90 cells; each profile shows a sigmoidal decrease in thefraction of adherent cells/clusters with increasing shear stress. Thesignificant left-ward shift in the sigmoidal profile for hiPSCs comparedto IMR90 cells indicates a reduction in the adhesion strength forreprogrammed hiPSCs. Adhesion strength analysis revealed approximatelyseven-fold lower adhesion strength for hiPSCs (81±7.6 dynes/cm²) onfibronectin compared to parental IMR90 fibroblasts (560±8.9 dynes/cm²)(p=0.0002, FIG. 3B). Adhesion strength studies were conducted amonghiPSC (IMR90) and hESCs (H1, H7), compared to IMR90 (as parental cells)and MEFs cultured on laminin (FIG. 3B) and Matrigel™ (FIG. 3C). Theoverall adhesion strength was significantly lower (p<0.02) for hPSCs(FIG. 3C) compared to either of the fibroblastic cells, indicating thedramatic shift in adhesive properties between the pre-and-post stages ofreprogramming for hiPSCs, which are equivalent to those observed withhESCs. These results were independent of passage number of the hPSCs andunderlying matrix. The adhesion strength of hiPSCs derived from dermalfibroblasts (male donor, OSK factors, Harvard Stem Cell Institute) wassimilar to hiPSC (IMR90) and significantly lower than parental humandermal fibroblasts (FIG. 3D), clearly indicating that the adhesivesignature is unique to true hiPSCs and not dependent on the source,number of reprogramming factors, or type of parental fibroblast, butrather on the phenotypic state of the pluripotent stem cells.Collectively, these results indicate differences between the adhesivesignature of hPSCs and parental cells.

The reprogramming-induced morphological changes led to the examinationof alterations in cytoskeletal structure and focal adhesion assembly.Fibroblasts possessed well-defined actin stress fibers parallel to thelong axis of cell (FIG. 3E). In contrast, reprogrammed hiPSCs exhibitedsignificantly fewer actin fibers that were localized to cell-celljunctions (FIG. 3E). The cytoskeletal proteins talin and vinculin haveemerged as central regulators of adhesive functions (Gallant et al.,Mol. Biol. Cell 16:4329-4340 (2005); Balaban et al., Nat. Cell Biol.3:466-472 (2001); Dumbauld et al., Biol. Cell 102:203-213 (2010)). InIMR90 fibroblasts, vinculin and talin were strongly enriched at focaladhesions (FIG. 3E). hiPSCs displayed few focal adhesions and vinculinand talin staining was diffuse throughout the cytoplasm or localized tothe cell-cell junctions and sometimes at the tip of projecting smallfilopodia (FIG. 3E). Observations for focal adhesions were similar forcells cultured on fibronectin-, laminin-, and Matrigel™-coated surfaces.The differences in adhesive force correlated directly to the increasedlocalization of vinculin and talin to focal adhesions in IMR90 cellscompared to hiPSCs and are therefore indicative of a distinct “adhesivesignature” in hPSCs.

Whereas fibroblasts exist typically as individual spread cells, it isnot clear how the multicellularity, colony size, and cell-cell adhesionof hiPSC cells influence biophysical properties such as adhesionstrength. It is optimal for hiPSC survival and undifferentiatedphenotype to exist as epithelial-like colonies with E-cadherin-basedcell-cell adhesion (Chen et al., Cell Stem Cell 7:240-248 (2010);Ohgushi et al., Cell Stem Cell 7:225-239 (2010)). Using micropatternedsubstrates, the functional dependence of adhesion strength of hiPSCs oncluster/colony size and epithelial cell cluster numbers was examined.Arrays of circular adhesive islands of varying dimensions (10, 20, 56,and 170 μm diameter) were engineered to examine a nearly 100-fold rangein available adhesive area (FIG. 3F). Whereas on the larger islands,hiPSCs colonies adhered well and exhibited high (>95%) viability, hiPSCsadhered loosely as individual cells on 10 μm adhesive islands and didnot survive in overnight culture (FIG. 3G). The colony size, and thusnumber of cells per colony, increased with adhesive area (FIG. 3G; Table2) and hiPSCs cultured on adhesive micropatterned islands retainedexpression of OCT4, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81 (FIGS. 3H and 3I). Theadhesion strength of hiPSCs was independent of colony size; nosignificant differences in adhesion strength were observed over a70-fold increase in adhesion area and 14-fold increase in themulti-cellularity of the clusters (FIG. 3j ). The lack of dependence ofadhesion strength on colony size is not surprising because increasingthe colony size does not alter the morphology of the cells, just thenumber of cells per colony.

TABLE 2 Island Diameter hiPSC Colony Area Average Cell Count 20 μm  314μm² 4 ± 1 56 μm 2463 μm² 8 ± 2 170 μm  22700 μm²  70 ± 10

Adhesion strength analyses were performed on SD-hiPSCs and SD-hESCs(>90% differentiated; ˜10% TRA-1-60+via flow cytometry), and asindicated in FIG. 4A, there were significant increases (p<0.006) inadhesion strength of SD-hiPSCs on fibronectin (340±36 dynes/cm²) andlaminin (330±22 dynes/cm²) compared to UD-hiPSC adhesion values below100 dynes/cm². Similar adhesion strength differences were observed forSD-hESCs (H7) on laminin and fibronectin (330±14 dynes/cm²) compared toUD-hESCs (H7, 120±17 dynes/cm²) on laminin. Focal adhesion analyses weresubsequently performed on hiPSC cell cultures with partially spontaneousdifferentiated areas. In SD-hiPSCs, well-defined actin stress andlocalization of vinculin and talin to focal adhesions were readilyobserved (FIG. 4B) in the differentiated areas compared toundifferentiated colonies or parts of the colonies where vinculin andtalin were present only at the filopodia or diffuse throughout thecytoplasm. Importantly, the differences in adhesion strength betweenundifferentiated cells and differentiated cells were not dependent onthe levels of spontaneous differentiation as differences betweencultures containing 2% or 90% differentiated cells were not observed(FIG. 4C).

The adhesive signature of directed differentiated cells was determinedby assessing the adhesion strength of multi-potent neural rosettes andneural progenitors derived from hiPSCs and hESCs. Neural rosettes, whichare formed within 3 weeks of directed differentiation of hiPSCs,exhibited comparable adhesion strength to undifferentiated hiPSCs fromwhich they were derived, but had significantly lower strength comparedto contaminating fibroblast-like cells (p<0.05, FIG. 4D). Whenhand-picked and further differentiated for two weeks, the rosettes formneural progenitors that exhibited half the adhesion strength ofundifferentiated hiPSCs (FIG. 4D) and were independent of pluripotentstem cell type and matrix (FIG. 4E). Taken together, these analysesdemonstrate significant differences in adhesion strength betweenUD-hPSCs and parental or SD-hPSCs, as well as between UD-hPSCs anddirectly differentiated progenitor cells.

Example 3 Rapid, Scalable, Hydrodynamic Isolation of Reprogrammed hiPSCells from Contaminating Parental and Feeder Cells

The unique adhesive signatures and differences in adhesion strengthbetween the pre- and post-reprogrammed states of hiPSCs were exploitedto develop a novel strategy to isolate and enrich for cells of interestamong a heterogeneous population of cells. Adhesive force-basedseparation of two (or more) distinct cell populations using fluid shearstress via a simple microfluidic system represents a label-freeseparation technique, which requires minimal cell processing or exposureto electrical or magnetic separation fields, and can be employed todetach cells in their native cell-cell microenvironment. This technologyis referred to herein as LSHEAR (micro Stem cell High-EfficiencyAdhesion-based Recovery). High-throughput microfluidic devices offerseveral advantages over conventional hydrodynamic sorting assaysincluding providing laminar flow with a million-fold less detachmentbuffer volume and excellent recovery of detached cells (Lu et al., Anal.Chem. 76:5257-5264 (2004)). Microfluidic devices also allow direct andcontinuous visualization of the detachment process. Easy loading ofcells onto an inexpensive, self-contained disposable microfluidic deviceensures a sterile environment for cell detachment and recovery andrepresents an excellent alternative to existing separation technologieslike flow cytometers.

A parallel plate microfluidic device (μSHEAR) was used to introducehiPSCs as colonies and culture them in the presence or absence ofparental fibroblasts (FIG. 5A). Within the microfluidic device, theco-culture was morphologically evident with compact epithelial coloniesof hiPSCs (high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio) and regions of spread IMR90cells (FIG. 5B). Both cell types, cultured overnight in mTeSR®1 mediawith a ROCK-inhibitor, remained viable and retained their distinctmorphologies (FIG. 5C). The hiPSC cells remained undifferentiated onfibronectin or laminin as demonstrated by positive expression of thepluripotency markers OCT4 and SSEA4 (FIG. 5D), whereas IMR90 cells didnot express such pluripotency markers. Application of laminar flow inthe microfluidic device generated fluid shear stresses on the adherentIMR90 cells and UD-hiPSC colonies. As shown in FIGS. 5E and 5F, hiPSCcolonies started detaching at a shear stress of 85-125 dynes/cm² within4 minutes of applying fluid flow and were completely detached fromlaminin-coated surfaces in 10±3 minutes, whereas the parental fibroblastwith stronger adhesion properties remained attached. Similar resultswere obtained with cells cultured on fibronectin (FIG. 5G) and Matrigel™substrates (FIGS. 5H-5I) thus indicating that detachment force is afunction of cell phenotype and is largely insensitive to the underlyingECM.

To quantify the efficiency of UD-hiPSC isolation and purification frommixed cultures using μSHEAR, three different shear stresses were used todetach fibroblast-hiPSC co-culture populations with an initial baselinepurity of 39% UD-hiPSCs (determined at detachment time). Detached cellswere then stained with StainAlive™-DyLight™488-conjugated TRA-1-60antibody to stain for live UD-hiPSCs. The entire recovered cellpopulation was further stained with Cell Tracker Red dye (CMPTX) toassess non-UD-hiPSC contamination in the detached population. Flowcytometry analysis (FIG. 6) of the recovered cells revealed significantenrichment of hiPSCs when detached at 85-125 dynes/cm2 with up to 99%purity (DyLight™ TRA-1-60+ and CMPTX+) compared to samples detachedusing trypsin (39%, baseline purity). Samples exposed to higher flowrates in the range of 250-350 dynes/cm2 resulted in IMR90 detachment andcontamination with up to 18% cells positive for IMR90 cells (CMPTX+)compared to 85-125 dynes/cm2 with less than 1% fibroblast contamination.We observed high proportions of IMR90 cells in detached samples exposedto 750-850 dynes/cm2, similar to trypsinized samples under no shear flowconditions (FIG. 6).

To assess the effects of culture purity on μSHEAR-based isolation,extremes of high and low coculture ratios of hiPSCs and IMR90 cells wereexamined. A relatively low number of hiPSCs and IMR90 cells were seededwith a high hiPSC proportion in the co-culture (˜60% startingTRA-1-60+hiPSCs, FIG. 7A); or high number of each cell type in theco-culture with low hiPSC proportion (˜40% starting TRA-1-60+hiPSCs,FIG. 7A) or high hiPSC proportion (˜60% starting TRA-1-60+hiPSCs) (FIG.7A). When exposed to a shear stress of 85-125 dynes/cm², the resultingdetachment forces caused selective isolation of hiPSCs with >96%enrichment for all conditions (p<0.05). The percentage of residualadherent hiPSCs in the microfluidic devices post-fluid detachment werefurther examined, and it was found that fewer than 3% of trypsinizedresidual cells were hiPSCs (DyLight™ 488-TRA-1-60+ and CMPTX+),indicating significantly high recovery yield of hiPSCs by μSHEAR (FIG.7A). Similar results were observed with hESCs (H7), with >95% enrichmentwhen co-cultured with commonly used feeder-layer fibroblasts (MEF, FIG.7A-7B). Since both IMR90 cells and MEF exhibit similar adhesionstrengths that differ significantly from hPSCs, these results indicatethat the differences in adhesive strength can be exploited toselectively isolate purified hiPSCs or hESCs as intact colonies from afibroblast-stem cell mixed culture even at extreme ratios of the twocell types.

Because hPSCs are routinely cultured for 5-7 days prior to passaging,the efficiency of selective isolation of hiPSC from co-culture viaμSHEAR for 5-7 days was evaluated. As indicated in FIG. 8A, hiPSCs weresuccessfully detached and recovered as intact colonies within 8 minutesof exposure to a shear stress of 125 dynes/cm², with significantenrichment of 93.8±4.9% hiPSC cells (DyLight™ 488-TRA-1-60+ and CMPTX+)compared to a 50% starting hiPSC population (FIG. 8B). Only 3.0±1.2%residual hiPSC cells were observed in the microfluidic devices. Takentogether, these studies clearly demonstrate that UD-hiPSCs and UD-hESCscan be selectively isolated from parental fibroblasts or MEF-feedercells using μSHEAR.

One consideration for μSHEAR-based hiPSC isolation is whether thedetached and enriched hiPSC colonies can be efficiently re-cultured,retain their pluripotent properties, and maintain a stable karyotype. Toexamine these points, colonies recovered after hydrodynamic detachmentwere seeded on Matrigel™-coated tissue culture plates in ROCKinhibitor-supplemented mTeSR®1 media and cultured for up to 14 days. Therecovered cell clusters initially adhered as small colonies (day 2, FIG.9A) with the ability to self-renew in tightly packed colonies withoutany morphological signs of differentiation (day 14, FIG. 9A). Thecolonies retained their pluripotent phenotype as demonstrated by OCT4and SSEA4 expression in detached/recovered and cultured colonies at day5 (FIG. 9B, upper panel) and day 14 (FIG. 9B, lower panel). Forkaryotype analysis, μSHEAR-isolated hiPSCs were exposed to two rounds ofpurification with 8-10 days culture on Matrigel™-coated plates andexhibited no chromosomal abnormalities (46, XX). μSHEAR-isolated andcultured hiPSC colonies readily generated embryoid bodies (EBs, FIG. 9C)and differentiated into cell types representing mesoderm (α-smoothmuscle actin), ectoderm (PAX6), and endoderm (α-fetoprotein) (FIG. 9D),demonstrating that μSHEAR-based isolation does not adversely affect thenormal function of hiPSCs.

Example 4 μSHEAR Selectively Isolates Undifferentiated hiPSCs fromDifferentiated Cells without Affecting Stemness

Spontaneous differentiation of hPSCs in culture is a common andsignificant problem that requires daily, intensive manual maintenance ofcultures to remove such cells and preserve the undifferentiatedphenotype of the majority of the pluripotent cells (Heng et al., InVitro Cell Dev. Biol. Amin. 40:255-257 (2004); Moon et al., Mol. Ther.13:5-14 (2006); Cho et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:3392-3397(2008)). Based on the unique adhesive signatures of undifferentiatedhiPSCs compared to differentiated cells, we evaluated whether thedifference in adhesive forces between these two phenotypic states couldbe exploited to effectively separate undifferentiated pluripotent stemcells from spontaneously differentiated cells. SD-hiPSC cultures withvarying levels of differentiation (6%, 10%, 15% or 70% differentiation,TRA-1-60 negative) were dissociated into random colonies and seeded intothe microfluidic device and cultured overnight. By visual inspection, itwas evident that adherent differentiated cells were spread more thanundifferentiated cells and immunostaining with pluripotency markersclearly differentiated between OCT4+ and SSEA4+ UD-hiPSCs compared toSD-hiPSCs not expressing pluripotency markers (FIG. 10A). Consistentwith the hiPSC-IMR90 co-culture studies, UD-hiPSCs were selectivelydetached as intact colonies before detaching SD-hiPSCs (FIG. 10B),demonstrating the ability of μSHEAR to function as a simple and robusthPSC purification strategy. This selective purification was not observedwith commonly used enzymatic preparations such as TrypLE (FIG. 10B).Quantitative analysis of the recovered SD-hiPSCs and SD-hESCs (Table 3)further demonstrated the ability to significantly (p<0.0002) enrich liveundifferentiated hPSCs with >97% UD-hiPSCs (DyLight™ 488-TRA-1-60+ andCMPTX+) irrespective of the levels of SDhiPSCs, making it a robustmethod to enrich undifferentiated cells from contaminating cell types.

TABLE 3 Baseline Purity (TRA-1-60) Enrichment (μSHEAR) 94% 96.9 ± 1.4%90% 97.2 ± 0.9% 85% 95.9 ± 2.4% 30% 94.2 ± 5.8%

The undifferentiated stem cell enrichment for H7 hESCs was comparable tohiPSCs (FIG. 10C), demonstrating that μSHEAR is applicable to a widerange of hPSCs. There were only 2-3% residual UD-hiPSCs or UDhESCs inthe devices post-μSHEAR purification (FIG. 10C) and less than 5%contaminating spontaneously differentiated cells (TRA-1-60-negative andCMPTX+) in the samples detached at shear stress of 85-125 dynes/cm²(FIG. 10D), demonstrating high recovery yield. The high-throughputpotential of μSHEAR was tested across a wide range of tissue culturesurface areas ranging from the equivalent of a 96-well to a 6-well plate(FIG. 10E), with similar high levels of enrichment efficiency observed(95-99%), demonstrating the potential of μSHEAR to perform at the levelsof routine cell culture platforms for stem cells.

A rigorous characterization of the purified cells was performed toassess the efficacy of μSHEAR over the course of 10 passages, each 5-7days apart, starting with a low 10% spontaneously differentiatedpopulation. As shown in FIG. 11A, μSHEAR-based isolation resulted inrepeated high purity (>97%) across 10 passages. In contrast, fiveroutinely used solution or enzymatic passaging approaches (EDTA, TrypLE,Accutase, and Dispase) failed to selectively enrich undifferentiatedcells and levels of spontaneous differentiation continuously increasedover repeated passaging (FIG. 11B). The use of defined culturesubstrates, such as E-cadherin (e.g., StemAdhere™), has also beenexplored for hiPSC passaging (Nagaoka et al., BMC Dev. Biol. 10:60(2010)). However, it was observed that these coated substrates were notselective for UD-hiPSCs, as SD-hiPSCs still adhered to these substrates(FIG. 11C). These results clearly demonstrated the high selectivity ofμSHEAR over existing hPSC passaging methods. Because μSHEAR isolatescells as colonies, the resulting survival efficiency (˜80%) wassignificantly higher than TrypLE (<30%)-based passaging and comparableto manual passaging (FIG. 11D). The doubling time of μSHEAR-purifiedhiPSCs was approximately 33-35 hours over 10 passages (FIG. 11E),equivalent to the doubling time of the hiPSCs maintained in routineculture using manual passaging (32-34 hours).

When collected and cultured on Matrigel™-coated plates in ROCKinhibitor-supplemented mTeSR®1 media, recovered colonies detached atshear stress of 85-125 dynes/cm² appeared as undifferentiated coloniesas evidenced by day 2 (passage 1) and day 70 (passage 10) images ofcultured hiPSC cells (FIG. 11F-11G), with no signs of differentiatedcells. In contrast, the application of a high shear stress (750dynes/cm²) resulted in complete detachment of all SD-hiPSC colonies andthe recovered colonies possessed many differentiated cells (day 2,passage 1, FIG. 11F), thus confirming that selective detachment ofUD-hiPSCs occurs only at a shear stress range where the differences inadhesive strengths between these phenotypic states can be exploited. Therecovered and cultured undifferentiated colonies retained theirself-renewal capacity and pluripotency as evidenced by OCT4 and SSEA4expression at regular intervals between passage 1 and 10 (FIG. 11H-11I).A detailed gene expression analysis was also performed onμSHEAR-passaged and manually passaged hiPSCs after 10 passages (P10)using PCR arrays and compared to the starting P0 population. Heat mapanalysis indicated that the expression profiles of genes involved inmaintaining stemness, self-renewal, pluripotency, and related growthfactors were overall similar at P10 to those at P0, independent ofpassaging method. The overall expression profiles for differentiationand lineage specific genes were either equivalent or down-regulated forboth μSHEAR and manual passaged hiPSCs compared to the starting P0cells. Consistent with this result, hierarchical clustering analysisshowed that μSHEAR-passaged hiPSCs clustered closely with manuallypassaged cells. More importantly, the replicates of μSHEAR-passagedhiPSCs clustered together indicating the robust reproducibility of thehydrodynamic detachment approach. Scatter plot analysis of the geneexpression profiles after 10 passages revealed a high degree ofsimilarity between μSHEAR and traditional manual passaging for hiPSCs(FIG. 12). Furthermore, karyotype analysis demonstrated thatμSHEAR-passaged hiPSCs exposed to 10 rounds of passaging onMatrigel™-coated plates exhibited no chromosomal abnormalities (46 XX).

Example 5 Characterization of Partially Reprogrammed Cells

It was observed that the reprogramming culture at the end of thereprogramming process was heterogeneous with a number of cells thatfailed to become fully reprogrammed hiPSCs (FIG. 13A). IMR90-mimickingspread cells and round epithelial-like cells were observed that did notexhibit any pluripotency markers (FIG. 13B). The spread cells were atrelatively much lower frequency than round partially reprogrammed cells(approximately 1:100). Adhesion strength analysis revealed significantlyhigher adhesion strength for partially reprogrammed cells (196±32dynes/cm²) compared to UD-hiPSCs, and was lower than parental IMR90cells (FIG. 13C). Focal adhesion protein localization was determined inresidual reprogramming culture obtained after manually removing fullyreprogrammed hiPSC. This analysis showed the presence of well-definedactin stress fibers and vinculin localized to focal adhesion for spreadresidual parental cells, while transduced round cells (negative forpluripotency) exhibited negligible stress fibers or vinculinlocalization to focal adhesions (FIG. 13D), similar to reprogrammedhiPSCs. The differences in adhesive force is indicative of a distinct“adhesive signature” with induced reprogramming which can be exploitedto identify and enrich fully reprogrammed hiPSCs from partially orunreprogrammed cells.

The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to beconstrued as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the followingclaims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.

All publications, patent applications, patents and other referencescited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for theteachings relevant to the sentence and/or paragraph in which thereference is presented.

1. (canceled)
 2. A method of isolating a cell of interest from a mixtureof animal cells adhered to a substrate, the method comprising: a)growing the mixture of animal cells on a substrate in culture, such thatthe cells in the mixture of cells are adhered to the substrate; and b):subjecting the mixture of adhered cells comprising the cell of interestand at least one other cell type, which is different than the cell ofinterest, to a detachment force that provides a wall shear stress in arange wherein the detachment force selectively detaches the cell ofinterest from the mixture of adhered cells, thereby isolating the cellof interest from the mixture of cells adhered to the substrate, wherein:a) the cell of interest is a fibroblast and/or a partiallydifferentiated hiPSC and the detachment force provides a wall shearstress in a range of 750-850 dynes/cm²; b) the cell of interest is apartially reprogrammed hiPSC and the detachment force provides a wallshear stress in a range of 170-230 dynes/cm²; and/or c) the cell ofinterest is an adult stem cell and the detachment force provides a wallshear stress in a range of 480-540 dynes/cm².
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein the method further comprises culturing the isolated cell ofinterest.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the method further comprisesevaluating the isolated cell of interest by flow cytometry, biochemicalanalysis and/or gene expression analysis.
 5. The method of claim 2,wherein the method does not comprise attaching a detectable label and/oraffinity reagent to the mixture of animal cells.
 6. The method of claim2, wherein the detachment force is applied by hydrodynamic force,centrifugal force and/or magnetic force.
 7. The method of claim 2,wherein the method is carried out in a microfluidic device.
 8. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the mixture of cultured cells is subjected tothe detachment force for 1 to 60 minutes.
 9. The method of claim 2,wherein the mixture of cultured cells is subjected to the detachmentforce for 2 to 20 minutes.
 10. A method of isolating a cell of interestfrom a mixture of animal cells adhered to a substrate, the methodcomprising: a) growing the mixture of animal cells on a substrate inculture such that the cells in the mixture of cells are adhered to thesubstrate; and b) subjecting the mixture of adhered cells comprising thecell of interest and at least one other cell type, which is differentfrom the cell of interest, to a detachment force that provides a wallshear stress in a range wherein said detachment force selectivelydetaches the at least one other cell type in the mixture of adheredcells and the cell of interest is not detached from the substrate,thereby isolating the cell of interest from the mixture of cells adheredto the substrate, wherein: a) the cell of interest is a hiPSC-derivedcardiomyocyte and the at least one other cell type is an hiPSC and thedetachment force provides a wall shear stress in a range of 70-160dynes/cm²; b) the cell of interest is a fibroblast and the at least oneother cell type is a hiPSC and/or a hESC and the detachment forceprovides a wall shear stress in a range of 70-160 dynes/cm²; and/or c)the cell of interest is a partially differentiated and/or spontaneouslydifferentiated progeny of a hiPSC and the at least one other cell typeis an undifferentiated hiPSC and the detachment force provides a wallshear stress in a range of 70-160 dynes/cm².
 11. The method of claim 10,wherein the method further comprises culturing the isolated cell ofinterest.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the method furthercomprises evaluating the isolated cell of interest by flow cytometry,biochemical analysis and/or gene expression analysis.
 13. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the method does not comprise attaching a detectablelabel and/or affinity reagent to the mixture of animal cells.
 14. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the detachment force is applied byhydrodynamic force, centrifugal force and/or magnetic force.
 15. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the method is carried out in a microfluidicdevice.
 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the mixture of culturedcells is subjected to the detachment force for 1 to 60 minutes.
 17. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the mixture of cultured cells is subjectedto the detachment force for 2 to 20 minutes.